Quelle Demarche Suıvre En Dıdactıque De Langue Etrangere: La Grammaıre Implıcıte Ou La Grammaıre Explıcıte?

Dil üzerine bilgi ile dili etkin kullanma arasında sıkı bir bağıntı söz konusudur. Bir dilin dilbilgisini tanımadan onun söz dizimsel, yapısal ve anlamsal özelliklerini keşfetmek olanaksızdır ve bir dile yeterince hakim olmadan dil becerilerini geliştirmek güçtür. Şayet dil bir sistem olarak kabul edilirse, o dilde anlayabilmek ve üretebilmek için bu sistemin kodlarını tanımaya gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Cümlenin öğelerini yerlerinde kullanabilmek, doğru iletişimi kurabilmek ve kendini sözlü ve özellikle de yazılı ifade edebilmek için dilbilgisi kurallarının kullanımını bilmek kaçınılmazdır. Dilbilgisi öğretiminin önemi zaman zaman azalsa ya da bir yöntemden diğerine değişse de dilbilgisi yabancı dil öğretimindeki vazgeçilmez yerini korumaktadır. Hedef dilin dilbilgisini öğretmek için sekiz farklı yol izlenmektedir: örtülü ve açık dilbilgisi, tümevarım yoluyla ve tümden gelim yoluyla dilbilgisi, bağlamsal ve bağlam dışı dilbilgisi, etken ve edilgen dilbilgisi. Ayrıca dilbilgisi, sözcük, yazım, cümle ve metin boyutunda da ele alınabilir. Bu çalışmada açık dilbilgisi ve örtük dilbilgisi konusunu ele alacağız. Örtük dilbilgisi öğretimi, kuramsal bilgilere ve dilbilgisi açıklamalarına başvurmadan hedef dilin kullanımını öğrenenlere kazandırmayı hedeflemektedir. Böyle bir yol izlendiğinde sezgisel bir öğrenim söz konusudur. Açık dilbilgisi öğretiminde ise ders kitabı veya öğretmen tarafından kuralların betimlenmesi ve açıklanması şeklinde bir yol izlenmektedir. Burada kuralları açık bir şekilde tanıma olanağı sunulduğu için bilişsel bir öğrenme söz konusudur. Ayrıca bu çalışmada açık dilbilgisi ve kapalı dilbilgisinin dil becerilerinin geliştirilmesinde oynadığı rolü irdeleyeceğiz. Sonuç olarak yabancı dil öğreniminde hangi yolla izlemenin daha etkili olduğu sorusuna yanıt arayacağız.Il y a un rapport étroit entre la connaissance sur la langue et son emploi efficace. Sans connaître la grammaire d’une langue il est impossible de découvrir ses caractéristiques syntaxiques, morphologiques et sémantiques, et sans maîtriser une langue il est difficile de développer toutes les compétences langagières. Si on accepte la langue comme un système, pour comprendre et produire on a besoin de connaître les codes de ce système. Pour utiliser les éléments de la phrase à leurs places correctes, construire la communication exacte et pour s’exprimer à l’oral et surtout à l’écrit il est indispensable de savoir les emplois des règles de grammaire. Même si l’importance de l’enseignement de grammaire se diminue de temps en temps ou change d’une méthode à l’autre, la grammaire garde sa place incontournable en didactique de langue étrangère. Pour enseigner la grammaire de la langue étrangère il y a huit démarches: grammaire implicite et grammaire explicite, grammaire inductive et grammaire déductive, grammaire contextualisée et grammaire décontextualisée, grammaire active et grammaire passive. Il est possible aussi de classifier la grammaire selon les différentes catégories: grammaire linguistique et grammaire pédagogique. De plus, on peut analyser la grammaire en quatre dimensions: le lexique, l’orthographe, la phrase et le texte. Dans cette étude nous allons aborder la grammaire explicite et la grammaire implicite. La grammaire implicite, c’est l’enseignement de grammaire qui a le but de faire acquérir aux apprenants l’emploi de la langue cible sans avoir recours aux explications grammaticales et aux connaissances théoriques. Dans une telle démarche il s’agit d’un apprentissage intuitif. La grammaire explicite est unedémarche dans laquelle on fait la description et l’explication des règles soit par le manuel et soit par l’enseignant. Ici, comme il s’agit de connaître explicitement les règles on peut parler d’un apprentissage cognitif. En outre, à partir des manuels de méthode en FLE nous allons aborder l'importance que la grammaire explicite et la grammaire implicite peuvent jouer au développement des compétences langagières. Notre étude est une recherche théorique. En étudiant des exemples et en prenant en considération les besoins des apprenants nous nous efforcerons atteindre un résultat: laquelle de deux démarches est plus efficace pour apprendre une langue étrangère

Varicose vein and diastolic dysfunction: Is there an interaction?

[Abstract Not Available

An unresolved issue: Diagnosing coronary artery disease in left bundle branch block

[Abstract Not Available

Prevalence of papillary thyroid carcinoma is significantly higher in graves disease with synchronous thyroid nodules

Objective: The association between autoimmunity-related tissue injury and thyroid cancer development remains an area of interest. Evidence suggests that patients with Graves disease (GD) may have an elevated risk for differentiated thyroid cancer. Multicenter studies are needed to gain insight into the correlates of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) identified in this particular group of patients. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PTC and synchronous thyroid nodules in thyroidectomy specimens from GD patients in an endemic goiter region. Material and methods: A retrospective review of institutional pathology records at two tertiary care centers identified 237 surgically treated patients with GD. Patients were categorized as having nodular Graves disease (N-GD) if synchronous nodular thyroid was identified by ultrasonography, while those without synchronous thyroid nodules were categorized as non-nodular or simple Graves disease (S-GD). The prevalence of PTC, histopathological correlates, and demographic characteristics were recorded and compared between groups N-GD and S-GD. Results: One hundred thirty-one and 106 patients were assigned to N-GD and S-GD, respectively. The mean age was significantly higher in N-GD (mean 45.52 years) compared to S-GD (mean 35.18 years) (p 0.05). The group of S-GD was enriched in BRAF-like PTCs, whereas N-GD had equal distribution for RAS- and BRAF-like tumors. Conclusion: This study underscores that the majority of PTCs encountered in GD were enriched in low-risk subcentimeter PTCs with a prevalence that varies depending on the presence of underlying nodular thyroid tissue

Varicose Veins: Systemic Hemodynamic Disorder or Systemic Vascular Wall Pathology?

Objectives: A chest radiograph (CXR) is still the preferred diagnostic method when pneumonia is suspected, although the sensitivity is relatively low. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ultrasonography (US) for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), compared with CXR. Materials and Methods: A principled search was conducted to identify original English articles using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane library, with the end date of October 2020. A combination of keywords, such as ultrasound or ultrasonography, pneumonia, sensitivity, and specificity, was used. Methodologic quality was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 criteria. Statistical analysis was completed on the resulting study data. Results: The search produced 16 eligible articles that reported on 2040 patients. The overall pooled sensitivity for US and CXR, to diagnose pneumonia, was 0.96 and 0.65, respectively. The overall pooled specificity for US and CXR was 0.85 and 0.81, respectively. The overall pooled positive likelihood ratio for US and CXR was 9.74 and 3.67, respectively. The negative likelihood ratio for US and CXR was 0.05 and 0.42, respectively. In addition, summary receiver operative characteristics areas under the curve were 0.98 for US and 0.77 for CXR. Conclusion: This review demonstrated that lung US is a useful technique for the diagnosis of pneumonia. This diagnostic method can be used by emergency physicians with high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Among an elderly population, this diagnostic method may be a better choice than CXR. The rapid performance of lung US may facilitate a quick, cost-effective, and safe diagnosis of this potentially fatal disease

Prevalence of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma is Significantly Higher in Graves Disease with Synchronous Thyroid Nodules

Objective: The association between autoimmunity-related tissue injury and thyroid cancer development remains an area of interest. Evidence suggests that patients with Graves disease (GD) may have an elevated risk for differentiated thyroid cancer. Multicenter studies are needed to gain insight into the correlates of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) identified in this particular group of patients. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PTC and synchronous thyroid nodules in thyroidectomy specimens from GD patients in an endemic goiter region. Material and Methods: A retrospective review of institutional pathology records at two tertiary care centers identified 237 surgically treated patients with GD. Patients were categorized as having nodular Graves disease (N-GD) if synchronous nodular thyroid was identified by ultrasonography, while those without synchronous thyroid nodules were categorized as non-nodular or simple Graves disease (S-GD). The prevalence of PTC, histopathological correlates, and demographic characteristics were recorded and compared between groups N-GD and S-GD. Results: One hundred thirty-one and 106 patients were assigned to N-GD and S-GD, respectively. The mean age was significantly higher in N-GD (mean 45.52 years) compared to S-GD (mean 35.18 years) (p0.05). The group of S-GD was enriched in BRAF-like PTCs, whereas N-GD had equal distribution for RAS- and BRAF-like tumors. Conclusion: This study underscores that the majority of PTCs encountered in GD were enriched in low-risk subcentimeter PTCs with a prevalence that varies depending on the presence of underlying nodular thyroid tissue

Assessment of venous leg symptoms in patients with hemorrhoidal disease (VEIN-HEMORRHOID study)

Background Coexistence of dilating venous diseases in different vascular territories has raised the idea that they have similar vascular wall abnormality in their evolutionary process. Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate venous leg symptoms in patients with hemorrhoidal disease (HD) by means of VEINES-Sym questionnaire. Materials and methods The study involved 249 consecutive patients who underwent colonoscopy and met the inclusion criteria. Presence and grading of HD were made according to Goligher's classification. All patients were examined for the existing of varicose vein and classified in respect of CEAP classi?cation. All participants were requested to answer the VEINES-Sym questionnaire. Results There was not statistically significant differences between the patients without HD (grade 0 or I) and with HD (Grade II or III) in respect to clinical characteristics except female predominance in hemorrhoid group (p = 0.07). Scores of heavy legs, swelling, burning sensation, restless leg, throbbing, tingling, and total VEINES score were significantly lower (ie: worse) in hemorrhoid group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that female gender and total VEINES score were independently associated with HD (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.17-3.52, p = 0.01; OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-0.99, p = 0.02, respectively). Among all venous leg symptoms, severity of heavy legs, night cramps, swelling and aching were significantly correlated with the grades of HD. Conclusion We have shown significant association between the HD and venous leg symptoms reflected by total VEINES score and significant correlation between the HD grade and venous leg symptoms severity including heavy legs, swelling, night cramps and aching legs

Venous leg symptoms in migraineurs: a potential clue on the pathophysiology of migraine

BACKGROUND: Migraine is a neurovascular disorder which cerebral venous congestion might have role in pathogenesis. The objective was to assess the association between venous disease and migraine by using the Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study-Quality of Life/Symptoms (VEINES-QoL/Sym) questionnaire in migraineurs and non-migraineurs. METHODS: The study was designed as a non-randomized, prospective cohort study and consisted of patients diagnosed with migraine and age-, sex- matched healthy subjects without migraine. All participants were examined for the presence of chronic venous disease (CVD). VEINES-Sym questionnaire was applied to assess venous symptoms. The Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire was used to assess the severity of disease in migraineurs. RESULTS: Participants were classified into two groups as migraine-positive group (N.=130) and migraine-negative group (N.=130). Migraine patients and control group were comparable in terms of clinical status and demographic parameters. Total VEINES-Sym score was lower in patients with migraine compared to control group (34.4 +/- 8.7, 37.6 +/- 8.12, P=0.003, respectively). Additionally, there was a significant negative correlation between VEINES-Sym score and total MIDAS disability score (r=-0.33, P<0.001) and MIDAS severity levels (little or no, mild, moderate, severe) (r=-0.266, P=0.003) of the migraineurs. Logistic regression analysis revealed that VEINES-Sym score is an independent and statistically significant associate of migraine (OR=0.95, 95% CI:0.92-0.98, P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We have documented an independent association between migraine and VEINES-Sym score indicating possible pathophysiological link between migraine and CVD. Further studies are warranted to figure out the pathophysiological associations between migraine and venous vascular pathology and peripheral varicose vein