Monetary aggregates in Pakistan: theoretical and empirical underpinnings

The objective of this study is to analyze theoretical as well as empirical soundness of the current monetary aggregates (M2) and to propose a broader monetary aggregate (M3), by exploring the functional characteristics and empirical relevance of financial assets. We used annual time series data from FY76 to FY03 and employed both the functional and empirical (F-M dual criteria) approaches. The results indicate that current monetary aggregates seemed to have been defined more on functional considerations compared to the empirical evidence. The analysis of new set of financial assets suggests that, while the various savings schemes individually as well as in aggregate were able to meet F-M dual criteria, deposits of NBFIs failed to satisfy this criteria. However, the functional considerations suggest that these deposits should, nevertheless, be included in a broader definition of monetary aggregates (M3).Monetary Aggregates, Pakistan

An uncommon manifestation of renal cell carcinoma: contralateral spermatic cord metastasis

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: کارسینوم سلول کلیوی (RCC) با تظاهرات متفاوتی مشخص می شود که شامل متاستازهای غیر معمول و سندرم های پارانئوپلاستیک است. معرفی بیمار: بیمار آقای 60 ساله ای است که 7 سال پیش به دلیل تشخیص کارسینوم سلول کلیوی چپ تحت عمل جراحی نفروکتومی قرار گرفته بود. پس از 7 سال به دلیل لمس توده ای در همی اسکروتوم راست خود مراجعه نمود. در پاتولوژی بیمار متاستاز کارسینوم سلول کلیوی چپ به اسپرماتیک کورد سمت مقابل گزارش گردید و برای بیمار تصمیم به ارکیکتومی گرفته شد. نتیجه گیری: متاستاز RCC به وریدهای اسپرماتیک می تواند از طریق جریان رتروگراد از ورید کلیه انجام گیرد، لذا در بیماران باRCC در طی فالواپ ،معاینه دقیق ژنیتال خارجی برای رد متاستازهای مخفی باید انجام شود

Emerging Next Generation Solar Cells Route to High Efficiency and Low Cost

Generation of clean energy is one of the main challenges of the 21st century. Solar energy is the most abundantly available renewable energy source which would be supplying more than 50 of the global electricity demand in 2100. Solar cells are used to convert light energy into electrical energy directly with an appeal that it does not generate any harmful bi products, like greenhouse gasses. The manufacturing of solar cells is actually based on the types of semiconducting or non semiconducting materials used and commercial maturity. From the very beginning of the terrestrial use of Solar Cells, efficiency and costs are the main focusing areas of research. The definition of so called emerging technologies sometimes described as including any technology capable of overcoming the Shockley-Queisser limit of power conversion efficiency 33.7 percent for a single junction device. In this paper, few promising materials for solar cells are discussed including their structural morphology, electrical and optical properties. The excellent state of the art technology, advantages and potential research issues yet to be explored are also pointed out. Md. Samiul Islam Sadek | Dr. M Junaebur Rashid | Dr. Zahid Hasan Mahmood "Emerging Next Generation Solar Cells: Route to High Efficiency and Low Cost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 201

Sexual Dysfunction, Depression and Quality of Life in Patients With HIV Infection

Objective: In Iran, psychological aspect of HIV infection is poorly understood. The purposes of this study were to evaluate sexual dysfunction, depression rate and health-related quality of life and evaluate the association between sexual dysfunction, depression and quality of life in a group of HIV+ subjects in Shiraz, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 278 male HIV-positive patients who had referred to voluntary counseling and testing and methadone maintenance therapy centers were recruited based on convenience sampling from May to October 2010. The purpose of the study was explained and interested individuals provided informed consent and completed validated questionnaires [Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36), Brief Male Sexual Function Inventory (BMSFI), Beck Depression Inventory-short form(BDI)] to assess overall health related quality of life (HRQOL), sexual function, and depression. Results: Average age of the participants was 34.9 ± 10.7 years and 37.5% were severely depressed. Ordinal logistic regression indicated that sexual drive (-0.15; CI: -0.28 to -0.027), ejaculation (-1.91, CI: -2.71 to -1.12), and problem assessment (-0.098, CI: -0.17 to -0.02) had significant effect on depression type. Depression was significantly correlated with poorer quality of life in all domains. Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the BMSFI and the domains of SF-36 indicated that sexual drive (r= 0.215), ejaculation (r= 0.297) and problem assessment (r= 0.213) were significantly correlated with emotional wellbeing. Conclusion: Sexual function and depression showed association with quality of life. Effective treatment of depression and sexual function may improve the quality of life of HIV-infected person. Declaration of interest: None. Citation: Amini Lari M, Faramarzi H, Shams M, Marzban M, Joulaei H. Sexual dysfunction, depression and quality of life in patients with HIV infection. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci Behav Sci 2013

Shigella dysentery stxA mutant (R170L-A231D-G234E) gene design and optimization of recombinant protein expression and purification

زمینه و هدف: شیگلا دیسانتری یکی از مهمترین باکتری های بیماریزا‌ی روده‌ای انسان است. شیگاتوکسین (سم این باکتری) با ورود به سلول های اپیتلیال باعث مهار سنتز پروتئین و مرگ سلولی می شود. علیرغم مطالعات فراوان جهت تولید واکسن علیه آن، هنوز ضرورت تداوم مطالعه در حصول به پروتئین نوترکیب شیگاتوکسین نوع A (stxA) وجود دارد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی و تعیین جایگاه های مناسب جهش و طراحی ژن سینتتیک زیر واحد stxA و سپس بیان و بهینه سازی آن و در نهایت بررسی روش تخلیص آن جهت مطالعات بعدی ایمنی زایی انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی-آزمایشگاهی پس از طراحی و تهیه ژن صناعی pET28a/stxA موتانت (G234E– R170L -A231D)، واکنش PCR جهت کنترل صحت حضور این ژن انجام گردید. پس از انتقال این وکتور به سلول میزبان Bl21 DE3، بیان، بهینه سازی و نهایتاً تخلیص پروتئین حاصل بررسی گردید. یافته ها: نتیجه مطالعات اولیه منجر به طراحی ژن stxA موتانت گردید. نتایج واکنش PCR با استفاده از پلاسمید سنتتیک نشان از صحت ژن مورد مطالعه داشت. پس از بیان این ژن در سلول میزبان Bl21 DE3، بهینه سازی آن نیز بررسی گردید. در نتیجه تولید مقادیر زیادی از این پروتئین به شکل اجسام توده ای نشان داده شد. تخلیص انکلوژن بادی و سپس محلول سازی پروتئین های مربوطه با استفاده از روش های تلفیقی صورت گرفت. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به مکانیسم اثر شیگاتوکسین و طراحی جهش های انتخابی با آرایش جدید در این ژن، پیش بینی می شود که این پروتئین بیانی، دارای اثر سمیت کمتری نسبت به سایر موتانت های قبلی داشته باشد، در نتیجه می تواند به عنوان کاندید واکسن برتر مطرح گردد

Investigation on self energized automated multi levels car parking system

This work proposes a method to enhance the green power demands through providing an energy source which utilizes the kinetic green energy of the vehicles in multi-level car parking building, where vehicles are already climbing when the driver looking for space to park, and then climb down to go out the building with a kinetic energy due to ground gravity. A novel mechanism has been designed to generate electric power in each individual level from the car parking building, this individuality not only would generate more energy but also simplified the system and reduce the installation cost. The simulation result shows a significant energy value which could cover the demand of the parking place from the electricity, such as lighting, ventilation, barrier gate and CCTV

Protection of power transformer using microcontroller-based relay

This paper describes the design and implementation of the micro controller-based system for protecting power transformer. The system includes facilities for discrimination between internal fault current and magnetizing inrush current, differential protection, over current protection, over voltage protection and under voltage protection. In this paper, software and hardware of micro controller based system have been explained and designed. The design implementation and testing of the system are also presented

Socio-Economic Indicators in Rural Pakistan: Some Evidence

This study attempts to quantify the inter-provincial and interdistrict differences among villages with respect to the availability of and access to certain crucial inputs and services which affect the level of living and even quality of life in rural areas.. Using the taxonomic method for rank ordering and clustering of regions, this comparative analysis should help in identifying the areas (provinces or districts) and activities (or services) in each area which may require immediate or special attention of policy makers and planners.