A socio-technical assessment framework for integrated water resources management (IWRM) in Lake Urmia Basin, Iran

The main aim of this interdisciplinary research is to develop a socio-technical and institutional framework for implementing the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) paradigm by analysing how water resources can be managed in response to anthropogenic drivers (e.g. population/economic growth) and environmental pressures (e.g. climate change) within an evolving institutional set-up. Implementation of the Framework has focussed on Iran, and Lake Urmia basin as a case study, which involved a significant element of action research based upon stakeholder participation. Lack of implementation of concepts such as IWRM has been attributed to the gap between technical outcomes and policy decisions. To achieve an integrated synthesis for this interdisciplinary study, the integrated methodological framework has used four analytical components based on the IWRM concept: (1) Driver-Pressure-State-Impact Response (DPSIR); (2) Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD); (3) Integrated Socio-technical Assessment (ISTA) using modelling and Multi criteria Decision-Making (MCDA) tools; and (4) Ethics to assess water allocation decision outcomes in multitier Multi-Stakeholder Platforms (MSPs). Results from the case study show that the non-structural responses (legislations, new administrations etc.) adopted since 2003 have not guaranteed the implementation of sustainable water allocation outcomes in river basins including Lake Urmia basin. Water allocation has become highly political and caused polarisation in opinions and multiple perspectives among stakeholders underlined by diverging discourses on climate change, water and land development and irrigation water use efficiency. The participatory water allocation decision reached for Lake Urmia Basin, which included an allocation to sustain the hydrological and ecological functions of the Lake, has been re-evaluated by analysing historical climatic and hydrologic data. The outcome suggests that water availability in the basin is less than that adopted by the stakeholders based on trend analysis within the existing discourse. Therefore, the thesis demonstrates a mechanism for adaptive water allocation and demand management under an uncertain future climate which is represented through rainfall scenarios generated using a stochastic rainfall model. It is concluded that the participatory process has enhanced the efficacy of the water governance system, but the effectiveness of water allocation will be compromised unless an adaptive water allocation approach is implemented, and basin-wide water use efficiency measures are taken. It is recommended that modern day water and land governance has to take into account the ethical and cultural aspects of the community to form an alliance for sustainable resource use; thus, an Ethical legal framework for community-based land and water governance has been proposed. The overall integrated methodological approach provides an innovative analytical framework to understand the discursive deliberations in a complex Social-Ecological system heightened by (1) scientific uncertainty over climate variability and change; and (2) dynamic institutional transformation and evolution.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceOffice of Applied ResearchIran Water Resources Management CompanyGBUnited Kingdo

Kebijakan redaksional Nu Online Jabar dalam pemuatan berita Citizen Journalism: Studi deskriptif dalam menjaga kualitas berita edisi 5-10 Desember 2023

Kebijakan redaksi merupakan hal yang sangat krusional dalam sebuah media. kebijakan redaksional adalah acuan sebuah media dalam memberikan atau tidak sebuah berita. penelitian mengenai kebijakan redaksional NU Online Jabar menjadi hal yang menarik untuk diteliti, hal itu disebabkan karena NU Online Jabar menyuguhkan perspektif yang berbeda dan pengemasan yang unik pada berita. Teori ini bertujuan untuk penentuan isi berita yang dikenalkan Pamela J. Shoemaker dan Stephen D. Reese. penelitian ini akan mengkaji tentang 5 level pengaruh diantaranya level individu, level rutinitas media, level organisasi media, ekstra media dan ideologi dalam kebijakan redaksional NU Online Jabar dalam penentuan sebuah berita. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teori Hirarki Pengaruh dari Pamela J Shoemaker dan Stephen D Reese dengan menggunakan teknik teknik pengumpulan data yakni observasi, wawancara mendalam, dokumentasi, kepada tiga informan yang merupakan jajaran redaksi juga pimpinan NU Online Jabar. Berdasarkan hasil temuan peneliti, kebijakan redaksi NU Online Jabar dalam penentuan berita tidak lepas dari lima faktor yang di kenalkan oleh Shoemaker dan Reese baik eksternal maupun internal. faktor individu yang dipengaruhi dengan karakteristik, nilai, latar belakang, pengalaman, serta prinsip dari kode etik jurnalistik yang di anut reporter. faktor ruitinitas digambarkan oleh tiga unsur yang berkaitan. faktor organisasi yang berpengaruh terhadap kebijakan redaksional dibuat oleh pemiliki media dan pimpinan redaksi NU Online Jabar tergantung acuan dari kebijakan dari Perusahaan serta visi dan misi. faktor ekstra media dipengaruhi oleh dewan pers, sumber berita, dan pangsa pasar. NU Online Jabar yang berideologikan liberal, dapat dilihat dari isi berita NU Online Jabar yang vocal terhadap kesetaraan gender, hak asasi manusia, dan kebebasan individu

Perubahan Strategi Politik Partai Ennahda di Tunisia Tahun 2016

Ennahda adalah nama dari salah satu partai politik di Tunisia yang awalnya bergerak dalam haluan ideologi Islamisme. Dalam sejarah sepak terjangnya, Ennahda menjadi wadah bagi para aktivis politik Islamis untuk melakukan kegiatan dakwah dan upaya menjadikan syari’ah Islam sebagai pedoman hidup dalam aspek sosial, budaya serta politik. Tetapi ketika masa terpilihnya Ennahda menjadi kepala pemerintahan pada tahun 2011, partai tersebut secara perlahan menunjukkan sikap dan tindakan politik yang terbuka terhadap aspek serta prinsip-prinsip demokrasi. Namun Ennahda masih berupaya untuk memperjuangkan nilai-nilai Islam dalam agenda politiknya, seperti usaha Ennahda dalam memasukkan gagasan Islam ke dalam konstitusi Tunisia. Sebaliknya pada pasca kegagalan pemerintahannya di tahun 2013, Ennahda menjadi lebih kompromi dengan realitas politik yang ada dan mengedepankan pilihan rasional dalam menentukan sikap maupun pilihan politik. Pada tahun 2015, Ennahda membentuk pemerintahan koalisi dengan partai pemenang pemilu sekaligus rival politiknya dari kelompok haluan sekularisme, yaitu partai Nidaa Tounes. Sebagaian pendukung setia Ennahda, kebijakan partainya dianggap sebagai bentuk pengkhianatan terhadap nilai ideologinya sendiri karena menerima paham sekularisme dan langkah tersebut dianggap sebagai penyimpangan dari keyakinan Islam. Terlebih lagi, pada kongres ke-10 tanggal 20 Mei 2016, Ennahda yang sebelumnya dipandang sebagai simbol partai Islamisme, mengeluarkan pernyataan secara resmi bahwa partainya memisahkan diri dari aktivitas keagamaan dan politik. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan alasan serta faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan strategi politik yang terjadi pada partai Ennahda di Tunisia. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Metode penelitian tersebut meliputi teknik pengumpulan data dan teknik analisis data. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah studi kepustakaan (library research) untuk memperoleh data sekunder. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alasan serta faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan strategi politik partai Ennahda di Tunisia pada tahun 2016 karena adanya: tantangan politik yang baru, yakni kondisi lingkungan politik yang plural dan tuntutan kompromistik dalam rangka membangun masyarakat madani (civil society); kemunculan gerakan Islam garis keras serta kelompok ekstremis di Tunisia; peristiwa kudeta militer atas Ikhwanul Muslimin di Mesir tahun 2013; dan peningkatan ketidakpuasan publik terhadap koalisi pemerintahan pimpinan partai tersebut

Perubahan Strategi Politik Partai Ennahda di Tunisia Tahun 2016

Ennahda is the name of one of the political parties in Tunisia which initially moved within the Islamism ideological direction. But when Ennahda elected became the head of government in 2011, the party became more compromised with political reality around and set out the rational choice while determining its political attitudes and actions. In 2015, Ennahda formed a coalition government with electoral winning parties as well as political rivals from the pro-secularist group, the Nidaa Tounes party. Some of Ennahda's loyal supporters, their party's policy is seen as a form of betrayal of his own ideological values because its acceptation for the notion of secularism and those step is considered as a deviation from Islamic beliefs. Moreover, at the 10th congress on May 20, 2016, Ennahda, which was previously seen as a symbol of the Islamism party, issued an official statement that its party separate itself between religious and political activities. Therefore, this study aims to explain the reasons and factors that led to changes in political strategy that occurred in the Ennahda party in Tunisia. The analysis of changes in Ennahda's political strategy will be reviewed through the concept of Post-Islamism. In order to support the discussion of this study, the author uses secondary data collected through library research studies and analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods. The results showed that the reasons and factors that led to changes in the political strategy of the Ennahda party at Tunisia in 2016 were due to: new political challenges, That is the pluralistic condition of political environment and the demands of compromise in order to build a civil society; the emergence of hardline Islamic movements and extremist groups in Tunisia; the events of the military coup over the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in 2013; and an increasing in public dissatisfaction with the party-led government coalitio

Quantitative risk assessment of continuous liquid spill fires based on spread and burning behaviours

Spill fires usually occur during the storage and transportation of hazardous materials, posing a threat to the people and environment in their immediate proximity. In this paper, a classical Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) method is used to assess the risk of spill fires. In this method, the maximum spread area and the steady burning area are introduced as parameters to clearly assess the range of influence of the spill fire. In the calculations, a modified spread model that takes into consideration the burning rate variation is established to calculate the maximum spread area. Furthermore, the steady burning area is calculated based on volume conservation between the leakage rate and the fuel consumption rate due to burning. Combining these two parameters with leakage frequency, flame model, and vulnerability model, the dynamic individual risk can be calculated quantitatively. Subsequently, large-scale experiments of spill fires on water and a glass sheet were conducted to verify the accuracy and application of the model. The results show that the procedure we developed can be used to quantitatively calculate the risk associated with a continuous spill fire

Natural convection in a square cavity with uniformly heated and/or insulated walls using marker-and-cell method

In this study, a numerical investigation has been performed using the computational Harlow-Welch MAC (Marker and Cell) finite difference method to analyse the unsteady state two-dimensional natural convection in lid-driven square cavity with left wall maintained at constant heat flux and remaining walls kept thermally insulated. The significant parameters in the present study are Reynolds number (Re), thermal Grashof number (Gr) and Prandtl number (Pr) and Peclét number (Pe =PrRe). The structure of thermal convection patterns is analysed via streamline, vorticity, pressure and temperature contour plots. The influence of the thermophysical parameters on these distributions is described in detail. Validation of solutions with earlier studies is included. Mesh independence is also conducted. It is observed that an increase in Prandtl number intensifies the primary circulation whereas it reduces the heat transfer rate. Increasing thermal Grashof number also decreases heat transfer rates. Furthermore the isotherms are significantly compressed towards the left (constant flux) wall with a variation in Grashof number while Peclét number is fixed. The study is relevant to solar collector heat transfer simulations and also crystal growth technologies

Measurement of the neutron capture resonances for platinum using the Ge spectrometer and pulsed neutron beam at the J-PARC/MLF/ANNRI

The neutron capture cross-section for platinum was measured at J-PARC/MLF/ANNRI. The intense pulsed neutron beam was impinging on a natural platinum foil sample and the emitted prompt γ-rays were detected by a Ge spectrometer. The peak energies of the low energy resonances for natural platinum are consistent with those of the JEFF-3.1.2, RUSFOND2010 and next-JENDL data libraries except for the 20-eV resonance. The resonance cross-sections of the next-JENDL library do not contradict the present measurements within the uncertainty of the absolute value of the present work. We analysed the prompt γ-ray spectrum and found a clear 7921.93 keV peak that originates from the transition from the 196Pt compound state to its ground state. The neutron capture cross-section for 195Pt was obtained by choosing events of this peak. The peak energies of most of the low energy resonances are almost consistent with those of the RUSFOND2010 and next-JENDL libraries. However, there was a disagreement for the 20-eV resonance

Are Spatial Planning Schools across Europe Teaching Climate Change? A Survey of Curricula in the European Context

It is important that the current and the next generations of planners are well equipped to contribute to the realization and upscaling of effective climate change action as a central element in any urban or spatial planning educational program. Framing the issue in the European context, and building on studies of other global regions, this research is the first European-wide scale survey to look at the extent to which European planning schools are addressing climate change in their curricula. The findings highlight the need for more comprehensive education on this critical issue and that further research and resources are needed to enhance climate resilience education in planning

Are Spatial Planning Schools across Europe Teaching Climate Change? A Survey of Curricula in the European Context

It is important that the current and the next generations of planners are well equipped to contribute to the realization and upscaling of effective climate change action as a central element in any urban or spatial planning educational program. Framing the issue in the European context, and building on studies of other global regions, this research is the first European-wide scale survey to look at the extent to which European planning schools are addressing climate change in their curricula. The findings highlight the need for more comprehensive education on this critical issue and that further research and resources are needed to enhance climate resilience education in planning