Effectiveness of Antiviral Drugs as Covid-19 Therapy

Introduction: SARS-CoV 2 firstly emerged in China on December 2019 and it was spreading rapidly across the world until now. At this time, there is no vaccine or medication approved by the FDA. However, there are some FDA approved medicines for treating other diseases that can be used for Covid-19 based on tests. This review focuses on therapy efficacy, work mechanism, pharmacokinetic profile, safety, and future perspective. Method: Article review related to therapy on Covid-19 patients, particularly antiviral therapy which was the combination of lopinavir and ritonavir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and favipiravir. The reviewed relevant articles were observational study, in vitro test, case report, and clinical test. Results: A total of 13 articles met the requirement, 9 articles discussed the result of therapy during the medication of COVID-19 patients, 2 reports of in vitro test, and 2 results of clinical trials. Conclusion: From several studies that had been conducted, remdesivir, combination of lopinavir and ritonavir, as well as favipiravir showed benefits in various clinical studies on Covid-19 patients. Meanwhile, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine showed limited effects and did not affect the decrease of mortality

Paxlovid in Kidney Failure: A Review

The COVID-19 virus caused a global pandemic that claimed many lives. Various vaccines and drugs are used for COVID-19 both via intravenous and oral routes. Paxlovid is a treatment given orally to patients who experience symptoms and is even considered effective in reducing high-risk COVID-19 virus infections. Kidney failure is a special population that can worsen COVID-19. The purpose of this review article was to determine the effectiveness and safety of using Paxlovid in patients who have comorbid diseases, one of which is kidney failure. The method used in preparing this journal was the PRISMA diagram to select the right articles and Google Scholar, Pubmed, and ScienceDirect as literature sources. Based on the exclusion and inclusion criteria, around 4 studies were obtained that were appropriate to the research topic. Paxlovid may be an important option to reduce the risk of COVID-19 in at-risk patients and unvaccinated patients, moreover, careful consideration of the benefits and risks to patients can be reviewed

STUDI PENGGUNAAN CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER (CCB) PADA PASIEN STROKE HEMORRAGHIC

Stroke adalah penyakit yang dapat menyebabkan kematian di dunia. Di Indonesia, dapat menyebabkan stroke yaitu hipertensi sehingga diperlukan antihipertensi, Metode penelitian yang dilakukan yaitu studi observasi dengan menggunakan sampel menunjukkan penggunaan CCB yaitu nicardipine 64%, nimodipine 12%, amlodipine 2%, dan diltiazem 6%. salah satunya adalah golongan Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB). Maksud penelitian ini yaitu meneliti penggunaan CCB pada pasien dengan hemorrhagicstroke hospitalizations di Rumah Sakit Umum (RSU) Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang.retrospective descriptive method. Analisis dilakukan pada Bulan Januari sampai Desember 2012 pada medical records pasien yang didiagnosa menderita strokehemorrhagic dan menerima pengobatan CCB. Hasil dan Kesimpulan dari 54 jumlah pasien yang menderita stroke mencapai 8,3%. Faktor resiko terbesar yang

PENGGUNAAN OBAT GOLONGAN DIURETIK PADA PASIEN STROKE ISKEMIK DI INSTALASI RAWAT INAP RSU DR. SAIFUL ANWAR MALANG

Stroke iskemik adalah sindrom yang berupa gejala hilangnya fungsi sistem saraf pusat yang berkembang pesat dapat karena atherothrombotis atau emboli, yang keduanya dapat mengganggu aliran darah serebral (CBF). Pemilihan terapi antihipertensi yang sesuai pada pasien stroke sangat berpengaruh dalam keberhasilan terapi yang dilakukan. Diuretik efektif untuk mengurangi tekanan intrakranial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola penggunaan obat diuretik pada pasien stroke iskemik di RSU Dr Saiful Anwar Malang dan meninjau hubungan terapeutik terkait jenis obat, dosis, cara pemberian, interval, frekuensi, dan durasi dengan data klinis dan data laboratorium pasien. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dan data dikumpulkan secara retrospektif pada pasien stroke iskemik dari 1 Juli hingga 31 Desember 2012. Profil diuretik tunggal yang digunakan adalah mannitol. Kombinasi diuretik yang ditemukan adalah furosemid dan spironolacton. Penggunaan terapi diuretik pada pasien dengan stroke iskemik sudah sesuai dengan pedoman

Evaluation of Fondaparinux Use on Kidney Function in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients with Decreased eGFR

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in increased hospitalization rates among patients with multisystem complications, including coagulation disorders and decreased renal function. Fondaparinux, a synthetic anticoagulant with a lower risk of thrombocytopenia, is often used as an alternative to heparin. However, its use in patients with reduced glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) remains debatable, as its elimination is dependent on renal function. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of fondaparinux on renal function, specifically examining changes in eGFR and serum creatinine levels in COVID-19 patients with impaired renal function during treatment at Bhayangkara South Surabaya Hospital. Methods: This research employed a retrospective observational quantitative approach, involving COVID-19 patients who received fondaparinux at the inpatient facility of Bhayangkara Hospital from June 2020 to October 2021. Data were collected from the medical records of patients during their hospitalization, including fondaparinux dosage and eGFR and serum creatinine values, as well as other relevant clinical parameters. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon test was conducted to assess significant differences in serum creatinine and eGFR values following fondaparinux administration. Results: Of the 535 patients analyzed, 56 medical records met the inclusion criteria. The results of the Wilcoxon test analysis showed that there was a significant increase in eGFR (p-value 0.012, CI 95%; p-value 0.043, CI 95%; p-value 0.000, CI 95%), a substantial decrease in SCr (p-value 0.035, CI 95%; p-value 0.043, CI 95%; p-value 0.000, CI 95%) based on each degree of COVID-19 severity. Conclusion: The use of fondaparinux may improve kidney function, as indicated by significant decrease in serum creatinine and an increase in eGFR. Furthermore, no bleeding incidents were observed during the use of fondaparinux

Use of Clopidogrel in Ischemic Stroke Patients

Stroke is a clinical condition that develops rapidly and is caused by focal (diffused) brain injuries or damage accompanied by symptoms that can occur for 24 hours, and it can lead to death. Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug used to prevent stroke by reducing the ability of blood to clot. This study aimed to examine the usage pattern of clopidogrel in ischemic stroke patients at Sidoarjo Public Hospital during the period of January – December 2020. This study was observational and retrospective. The data were analyzed descriptively. Monotherapy of clopidogrel was registered in all patients (100%) with a dosage of 1 x 75 mg delivered orally. The use of clopidogrel with other antiplatelet drugs was 1 x 80 mg ASA delivered orally and 1 x 75 mg clopidogrel given orally for 1 patient. Keywords: clopidogrel, antiplatelet, ischemic strok

Study of Lisinopril in Heart Failure Patients

Heart failure is a progressive clinical syndrome that results in structural or functional abnormalities of the heart that disrupt the heart’s performance in pumping blood. The clinical manifestations are shortness of breath and cardiomegaly. The purpose of the study was to determine the Lisinopril therapy (dose, route of administration, frequency) in heart failure patients at the hospitalized installation of Sidoarjo Hospital. The method of collecting the data was retrospectively by health medical records at Sidoarjo Hospital from January 1 until December 31, 2020. The results showed that the health medical records sample got inclusion criteria of 20 patients. Heart failure was suffered by 12 patients (60%) male patients and 8 female patients (40%). The highest age range was 56- 65 years, with 8 patients (40%). In patients with the pattern of using combination 2, there were 9 patients (33%), combination 3 had 9 patients (33%), and combination 4 had 9 patients (33%). The highest combination of 2 was Lisinopril (1x 10 mg) po + Bisoprolol (1x 2.5 mg) po. There were 2 patients (22%). The highest combination of 3 was Lisinopril (1x5 mg) po + Bisoprolol (1x 2.5 mg) po + Furosemide (1 x 20 mg) iv. There were 2 patients (22%). The highest combination of 4 was Lisinopril (1x 10 mg) po + Bisoprolol (1x 2.5 mg) po + Furosemide (3x 40 mg) iv + Spironolactone (1x 25 mg) po. There were 3 patients (33%). The results show that there are 16 patterns of using switch therapy. Keywords: lisinopril, heart failure, hospitalizatio

Furosemide Use in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Chronic kidney disease is defined as kidney disease occurring for more than three months and is characterized by a decreasing glomerular filtration rate, reaching below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . Decreased kidney function can reduce the kidney’s capacity to excrete sodium. Excess extracellular fluid will cause hypertension, and lower and upper extremity edema. Loop diuretics, such as furosemide, are known to increase sodium excretion by 20%, thereby reducing the amount of extracellular fluid. This study aimed to determine the patterns of furosemide use in chronic kidney disease patients at University of Muhammadiyah Malang General Hospital. Observational, descriptive, and retrospective data collection methods were used. The use of a single furosemide pattern was given to 25 patients (40%); a two-combination to 12 patients (20%); a three-combination to 9 patients (15%); a four-combination to 12 patients (20%); and a five-combination to 4 patients (5%). The most commonly used single furosemide was furosemide (3 x 40 mg, intravenous [iv]), which was administered to 16 patients (73%); the most common two-combination was furosemide (3 x 40 mg, iv) + amlodipine (1 x 10 mg, oral), which was given to 2 patients (20%); the most common three-combination was furosemide (3 x 40 mg, iv) + candesartan (1 x 16 mg, oral) + amlodipine (1 x 5 mg) and furosemide (3 x 40 mg, iv) + candesartan (1 x 16 mg, oral) + amlodipine (1 x 10 mg, oral), which was given to 2 patients (23%); the most common four-combination was furosemide (3 x 40 mg, iv) + nifedipine (3 x 10 mg, oral) + clonidine (3 x 0.15 mg, oral) + captopril (2 x 25 mg, oral), which was given to 3 patients (28%); and the most common five-combination was given to 1 patient (25%) with 4 patterns. In short, there were 22 patterns of furosemide switch therapy. Keywords: furosemide, edema, chronic kidney diseas