271 research outputs found

    MAIT cells reside in the female genital mucosa and are biased towards IL-17 and IL-22 production in response to bacterial stimulation

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    The female genital tract (FGT) mucosa is a critically important site for immune defense against microbes. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like T-cell population that recognizes microbial riboflavin metabolite antigens in an MR1-dependent manner. The role of MAIT cells in the FGT mucosa is unknown. Here, we found that MAIT cells and MR1 + antigen-presenting cells were present in the upper and lower FGT, with distinct tissue localization of MAIT cells in endometrium vs. cervix. The MAIT cells from the FGT and blood displayed a distinct phenotype with expression of interleukin (IL)-18Rα, CD127, α4β7, PD-1, as well as the transcription factors promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), RORγt, Helios, Eomes, and T-bet. Their expression levels of PLZF and Eomes were lower in the FGT compared with blood. When stimulated with Escherichia coli, MAIT cells from the FGT displayed a bias towards IL-17 and IL-22 expression, whereas blood MAIT cells produced primarily IFN-γ, TNF, and Granzyme B. Furthermore, both FGT- and blood-derived MAIT cells were polyfunctional and contributed to the T-cell-mediated response to E. coli. Thus, MAIT cells in the genital mucosa have a distinct IL-17/IL-22 profile and may have an important role in the immunological homeostasis and control of microbes at this site

    Gonadal steroids and salivary IgA in healthy young women and men

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    Empirical evidence from clinical, nonhuman animal, and in vitro studies point to links between immune function and gonadal steroids, including potential androgenic immunosuppression and estrogenic immunoenhancement. This study was designed to test links between steroids and one marker of mucosal humoral immunity—immunoglobulin A (IgA) in healthy individuals, to facilitate comparisons with other species and clinical populations, as there are few existing studies with healthy humans that also allow gender/sex investigations. Participants (86 women, 91 men) provided a saliva sample for measurement of testosterone (T), estradiol (E 2 ), and IgA. Results showed that E 2 was significantly and positively correlated with IgA in women, and group analyses by E 2 quartile showed that this association was linear. No significant correlations or nonlinear associations were seen between T and IgA in men or women, or E 2 and IgA in men. Evidence from this study indicates that IgA and E 2 are significantly associated in healthy premenopausal women. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/69177/1/20997_ftp.pd

    Estimates of the climate impact of future small-scale supersonic transport aircraft – results from the HISAC EU-project

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    The climate impacts of three fleets of supersonic small-scale transport aircraft (S4TA) are simulated. Based on characteristic aircraft parameters, which were developed within the EU-project HISAC, emissions along geographically representative trajectories are calculated and in addition the resulting changes in the atmospheric composition (carbon dioxide, ozone layer, water vapour) and climate (near surface global mean temperature) are deduced. We assume a fleet development with an entry in service in 2015, a full fleet in 2050. The results show a temperature increase of 0·08mK (0·07-0·10mK) with only small but statistically significant variations between the configurations, leading to a minimum climate impact for a weight optimised and hence lower flying aircraft. A climate impact ratio of 3·0 ± 0·4 between a S4TA and its subsonic counterpart is calculated, which is considerable less than for previous supersonic fleets because of a lower flight altitude, leading to smaller water vapour impacts

    Abborryngel som mätare av kvicksilverbelastningen.

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    De senaste åren har kvicksilverproblematiken åter blivit högaktuell. Orsakerna till detta är flera. - De restriktioner för utsläpp av kvicksilver som genomfördes i slutet på 60-talet har hittills inte fått till följd att halterna i insjöarnas fiskbestånd har minskat. - Den pågående försurningen av mark och vatten har visats ytterligare öka metylkvicksilverhalten i drabbade insjöfiskbestånd. - Antalet sjöar där gäddans kvicksilverhalter överskrider 1 mg/kg är betydligt större än antalet svartlistade sjöar. - Nya forskningsresultat antyder att skador på människofoster av metylkvicksilver kan ske vid lägre koncentrationer än vad man tidigare ansåg och som ligger till grund för svartlistningsgränsen på 1 mg Me-Hg/kg fiskmuskulatur. Målsättning med projektet. Att utarbeta ett karteringsinstrument för metylkvicksilverbelastningen i svenska sjöar. Att studera sjökalkningens effekter på metylkvicksilverhalterna i fisk.De senaste åren har kvicksilverproblematiken åter blivit högaktuell. Orsakerna till detta är flera. - De restriktioner för utsläpp av kvicksilver som genomfördes i slutet på 60-talet har hittills inte fått till följd att halterna i insjöarnas fiskbestånd har minskat. - Den pågående försurningen av mark och vatten har visats ytterligare öka metylkvicksilverhalten i drabbade insjöfiskbestånd. - Antalet sjöar där gäddans kvicksilverhalter överskrider 1 mg/kg är betydligt större än antalet svartlistade sjöar. - Nya forskningsresultat antyder att skador på människofoster av metylkvicksilver kan ske vid lägre koncentrationer än vad man tidigare ansåg och som ligger till grund för svartlistningsgränsen på 1 mg Me-Hg/kg fiskmuskulatur. Målsättning med projektet. Att utarbeta ett karteringsinstrument för metylkvicksilverbelastningen i svenska sjöar. Att studera sjökalkningens effekter på metylkvicksilverhalterna i fisk
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