Field testing of strategies for fire blight control in organic fruit growing

In organic fruit growing effective control strategies are needed to prevent blossom infections by the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Many potential control agents are under discussion and have been tested in vitro and in vivo. 19 out of 27 tested preparations showed a high efficacy against E. amylovora in vitro. Nevertheless, on detached apple blossoms only 7 of them led to a symptom reduction by more than 50%. In six field trials conducted according to the EPPO guideline PP1/166(3) BlossomProtect (82%), Myco-sin (65%) and Funguran (58%) had the highest efficiency. In 2006 and 2007, strategies to integrate BlossomProtect in spray schedules of organic apple production have been tested. The use of sulphur or lime-sulphur before or after BlossomProtect did not influence the efficiency of BlossomProtect, which showed that fire blight control is possible without compromising apple scab control. The addition of Cutisan to BlossomProtect reduced fruit russet. An alternating use of BlossomProtect and Myco-sin was shown to be possible

A Closer Look at Long Run Money Demand

We study annual United States data from 1869 or 1900 to 1999. We find evidence for a well-specified and stable model of money demand with data from 1946 to 1999. We carry out diagnostic and stability tests, including nonlinearity tests. A linear cointegration model with the monetary base performs better than a model with M1. A specification with M2 is not supported. We use real GNP as the scale variable and a short term interest rate as the opportunity cost measure. We estimate an income elasticity of .86 and an interest rate elasticity of -.44 for the monetary base.

Non-equilibrium current and electron pumping in nanostructures

We discuss a numerical method to study electron transport in mesoscopic devices out of equilibrium. The method is based on the solution of operator equations of motion, using efficient Chebyshev time propagation techniques. Its peculiar feature is the propagation of operators backwards in time. In this way the resource consumption scales linearly with the number of states used to represent the system. This allows us to calculate the current for non-interacting electrons in large one-, two- and three-dimensional lead-device configurations with time-dependent voltages or potentials. We discuss the technical aspects of the method and present results for an electron pump device and a disordered system, where we find transient behaviour that exists for a very long time and may be accessible to experiments.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Contribution to the International Conference on Magnetism (ICM) 2009 in Karlsruh

Triplet Production by Linearly Polarized Photons

The process of electron-positron pair production by linearly polarized photons is used as a polarimeter to perform mobile measurement of linear photon polarization. In the limit of high photon energies, omega, the distributions of the recoil-electron momentum and azimuthal angle do not depend on the photon energy in the laboratory frame. We calculate the power corrections of order m/omega to the above distributions and estimate the deviation from the asymptotic result for various values of omega.Comment: LaTeX2e, 13 pages, 5 figure files (eps), submitted to Phys. Rev.

Canadian Money Demand Functions Cointegration¨CRank Stability

This paper applies conventional tests (Johansen, 1995) and new tests (Chao and Phillips, 1999) for cointegration to long¨Crun money demand functions using historical Canadian data back to 1872. If cointegration is found, recently proposed tests by Quintos (1998a) for stability of the cointegration rank are carried out. The paper focuses on two spans of data: one span starting in 1872, the other in 1957 or 1968. Annual data are used for the former span, and annual and quarterly data for the latter. The preferred money demand specification involves M1.Vector error-correction; unknown change points; long spans of monetary data

Estimating the COGARCH(1,1) model - a first go

We suggest moment estimators for the parameters of a continuous time GARCH(1,1) process based on equally spaced observations. Using the fact that the increments of the COGARCH(1,1) process are ergodic, the resulting estimators are consistent. We investigate the quality of our estimators in a simulation study based on the compound Poisson driven COGARCH model. The estimated volatility with corresponding residual analysis is also presented

Longer-term effects of monetary growth on real and nominal variables, major industrial countries, 1880-2001

Abstract: We study how fluctuations in money growth correlate with fluctuations in real and nominal output growth and inflation. We pick cycles from each time series that last 2 to 8 (business cycles) and 8 to 40 (longer-term cycles) years, using band-pass filters. We employ a data set from 1880 to 2001 for eleven countries, without gaps. Fluctuations in money growth do not play a systematic and important role at the business cycle frequency. However, money growth leads or contemporaneously affects nominal output growth and inflation in the longer run. This result holds despite differences in policies and institutions across countries. JEL Classification: E32 to 8 year cycles, 8 to 40 year cycles, Band-pass filters

Empirical evidence on inflation and unemployment in the long run

We examine the relationship between inflation and unemployment in the long run, using quarterly US data from 1952 to 2010. Using a band-pass filter approach, we find strong evidence that a positive relationship exists, where inflation leads unemployment by some 3 to 3 1/2 years, in cycles that last from 8 to 25 or 50 years. Our statistical approach is atheoretical in nature, but provides evidence in accordance with the predictions of Friedman (1977) and the recent New Monetarist model of Berentsen, Menzio, and Wright (2011): the relationship between inflation and unemployment is positive in the long run.Inflation, Unemployment, Long-Run Phillips Curve

Improved chlorate candle provides concentrated oxygen source

Improved chlorate candle is used as a solid, portable source of oxygen in emergency situations. It contains sodium chlorate, iron, barium peroxide, and glass mixed in powdered form. The oxygen evolves from the decomposition of the sodium chlorate when an ignition pellet is electrically initiated

Competition between Kondo screening and quantum Hall edge reconstruction

We report on a Kondo correlated quantum dot connected to two-dimensional leads where we demonstrate the renormalization of the g-factor in the pure Zeeman case i.e, for magnetic fields parallel to the plane of the quantum dot. For the same system we study the influence of orbital effects by investigating the quantum Hall regime i.e. a perpendicular magnetic field is applied. In this case an unusual behaviour of the suppression of the Kondo effect and of the split zero-bias anomaly is observed. The splitting decreases with magnetic field and shows discontinuous changes which are attributed to the intricate interplay between Kondo screening and the quantum Hall edge structure originating from electrostatic screening. This edge structure made up of compressible and incompressible stripes strongly affects the Kondo temperature of the quantum dot and thereby influences the renormalized g-factor