Kindergarten children witnessing victimization

In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, wie Kinder reagieren, wenn sie Zeugen von Mobbing werden. 968 Kinder aus 59 Kindergärten, in denen Mobbing stattfand, nahmen an der Studie teil. Es zeigten sich Alters- und Geschlechtseffekte bei Mobber- und Opfer-unterstützendem Zeugenverhalten sowie beim Ausmaß an hilflosen Reaktionen. Zudem variierte das Zeugenverhalten in Abhängigkeit von der Mobbingrolle: Mobber zeigten mehr Mobber-unterstützende, nicht-involvierte Kinder mehr Opfer-unterstützende und passive Opfer mehr hilflose Reaktionen. Auch das habituelle Verhalten der Kinder in der Gruppe hing mit den Zeugenreaktionen der einzelnen Kindern zusammen: Viel aggressives Verhalten in der Kindergartengruppe ging mit mehr Mobber-unterstützenden Reaktionen einher, während es mehr Opfer-unterstützende Reaktionen in Gruppen gab, in welchen Konfliktsituationen eher positiv gehandhabt wurden. Die Rolle der Zeugen wird im Rahmen präventiver Ansätze diskutiert. (DIPF/Orig.)The present study investigates the reactions children show when witnessing victimization. It was carried out with 968 children from 59 kindergartens, in which victimization occurred. Effects of age and gender are found on both behavior supporting the bully and behaviour supporting the victim, as well as helpless behaviour. Moreover, witnessing behaviour varies as a function of bully/victim role: Bullies display more behaviour supporting the (actual) bully; children usually not involved in bullying show more behaviour supporting the victim; and passive victims exhibit more helplessness. Behaviour in the classroom is also related to witnessing reactions: High levels of aggression in the classroom are associated with more reactions supporting the bully, whereas more reactions supporting the victim are found in groups with higher levels of positive conflict solving. The role of the witnesses is discussed within the framework of bullying prevention. (DIPF/Orig.

A genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex and heritable eating disorder characterized by dangerously low body weight. Neither candidate gene studies nor an initial genome wide association study (GWAS) have yielded significant and replicated results. We performed a GWAS in 2,907 cases with AN from 14 countries (15 sites) and 14,860 ancestrally matched controls as part of the Genetic Consortium for AN (GCAN) and the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 3 (WTCCC3). Individual association analyses were conducted in each stratum and meta-analyzed across all 15 discovery datasets. Seventy-six (72 independent) SNPs were taken forward for in silico (two datasets) or de novo (13 datasets) replication genotyping in 2,677 independent AN cases and 8,629 European ancestry controls along with 458 AN cases and 421 controls from Japan. The final global meta-analysis across discovery and replication datasets comprised 5,551 AN cases and 21,080 controls. AN subtype analyses (1,606 AN restricting; 1,445 AN binge-purge) were performed. No findings reached genome-wide significance. Two intronic variants were suggestively associated: rs9839776 (P=3.01×10−7) in SOX2OT and rs17030795 (P=5.84×10−6) in PPP3CA. Two additional signals were specific to Europeans: rs1523921 (P=5.76×10−6) between CUL3 and FAM124B and rs1886797 (P=8.05×10−6) near SPATA13. Comparing discovery to replication results, 76% of the effects were in the same direction, an observation highly unlikely to be due to chance (P= 4×10−6), strongly suggesting that true findings exist but that our sample, the largest yet reported, was underpowered for their detection. The accrual of large genotyped AN case-control samples should be an immediate priority for the field

Associations between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and various eating disorders: A Swedish nationwide population study using multiple genetically informative approaches

Background Although attention-deficit hyperactivity/impulsivity disorder (ADHD) and eating disorders (EDs) frequently co-occur, little is known about the shared etiology. In this study we comprehensively investigated the genetic association between ADHD and various EDs, including anorexia nervosa (AN) and other EDs (OED, including bulimia nervosa [BN]). Methods We applied different genetically informative designs to register-based information of a Swedish nationwide population (N=3,550,118). We first examined the familial co-aggregation of clinically diagnosed ADHD and EDs across multiple types of relatives. We then applied quantitative genetic modeling in full-sisters and maternal half-sisters to estimate the genetic correlations between ADHD and EDs. We further tested the associations between ADHD polygenic risk scores (PRS) and ED symptoms, and between AN PRS and ADHD symptoms, in a genotyped population-based sample (N=13,472). Results Increased risk of all types of EDs was found in individuals with ADHD (any ED: OR [95% CI]=3.97 [3.81-4.14], AN: 2.68 [2.15-2.86], OED: 4.66 [4.47-4.87], BN: 5.01 [4.63-5.41]) and their relatives compared to individuals without ADHD and their relatives. The magnitude of the associations reduced as the degree of relatedness decreased, suggesting shared familial liability between ADHD and EDs. Quantitative genetic models revealed stronger genetic correlation of ADHD with OED (0.37 [0.31-0.42]) than with AN (0.14 [0.05-0.22]). ADHD PRS correlated positively with ED symptom measures overall and sub-scales “drive for thinness” and “body dissatisfaction”, despite small effect sizes. Conclusions We observed stronger genetic association with ADHD for non-AN EDs than AN, highlighting specific genetic correlation beyond a general genetic factor across psychiatric disorders

Significant locus and metabolic genetic correlations revealed in genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa

Objective: The authors conducted a genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa and calculated genetic correlations with a series of psychiatric, educational, and metabolic phenotypes. Method: Following uniformquality control and imputation procedures using the 1000 Genomes Project (phase 3) in 12 case-control cohorts comprising 3, 495 anorexia nervosa cases and 10, 982 controls, the authors performed standard association analysis followed by a meta-analysis across cohorts. Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to calculate genome-wide common variant heritability (single-nucleotide polymorphism [SNP]-based heritability [h2 SNP]), partitioned heritability, and genetic correlations (rg) between anorexia nervosa and 159 other phenotypes. Results: Results were obtained for 10, 641, 224 SNPs and insertion-deletion variants with minor allele frequencies.&gt;1% and imputation quality scores &gt;0.6. The h2 SNP of anorexia nervosa was 0.20 (SE=0.02), suggesting that a substantial fraction of the twin-based heritability arises from common genetic variation. The authors identified one genome-wide significant locus on chromosome 12 (rs4622308) in a region harboring a previously reported type 1 diabetes and autoimmune disorder locus. Significant positive genetic correlations were observed between anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia, neuroticism, educational attainment, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and significant negative genetic correlations were observed between anorexia nervosa and body mass index, insulin, glucose, and lipid phenotypes. Conclusions: Anorexia nervosa is a complex heritable phenotype for which this study has uncovered the first genomewide significant locus. Anorexia nervosa also has large and significant genetic correlations with both psychiatric phenotypes and metabolic traits. The study results encourage a reconceptualization of this frequently lethal disorder as one with both psychiatric and metabolic etiology.</p

Kindergartenkinder als Zeugen von Mobbing

In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, wie Kinder reagieren, wenn sie Zeugen von Mobbing werden. 968 Kinder aus 59 Kindergärten, in denen Mobbing stattfand, nahmen an der Studie teil. Es zeigten sich Alters- und Geschlechtseffekte bei Mobber- und Opfer-unterstützendem Zeugenverhalten sowie beim Ausmass an hilflosen Reaktionen. Zudem variierte das Zeugenverhalten in Abhängigkeit von der Mobbingrolle: Mobber zeigten mehr Mobber-unterstützende, nicht-involvierte Kinder mehr Opfer-unterstützende und passive Opfer mehr hilflose Reaktionen. Auch das habituelle Verhalten der Kinder in der Gruppe hing mit den Zeugenreaktionen der einzelnen Kindern zusammen: Viel aggressives Verhalten in der Kindergartengruppe ging mit mehr Mobber-unterstützenden Reaktionen einher, während es mehr Opfer-unterstützende Reaktionen in Gruppen gab, in welchen Konfliktsituationen eher positiv gehandhabt wurden. Die Rolle der Zeugen wird im Rahmen präventiver Ansätze diskutiert.</jats:p

Kindergartenkinder als Zeugen von Mobbing

In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, wie Kinder reagieren, wenn sie Zeugen von Mobbing werden. 968 Kinder aus 59 Kindergärten, in denen Mobbing stattfand, nahmen an der Studie teil. Es zeigten sich Alters- und Geschlechtseffekte bei Mobber- und Opfer-unterstützendem Zeugenverhalten sowie beim Ausmass an hilflosen Reaktionen. Zudem variierte das Zeugenverhalten in Abhängigkeit von der Mobbingrolle: Mobber zeigten mehr Mobber-unterstützende, nicht-involvierte Kinder mehr Opfer-unterstützende und passive Opfer mehr hilflose Reaktionen. Auch das habituelle Verhalten der Kinder in der Gruppe hing mit den Zeugenreaktionen der einzelnen Kindern zusammen: Viel aggressives Verhalten in der Kindergartengruppe ging mit mehr Mobber-unterstützenden Reaktionen einher, während es mehr Opfer-unterstützende Reaktionen in Gruppen gab, in welchen Konfliktsituationen eher positiv gehandhabt wurden. Die Rolle der Zeugen wird im Rahmen präventiver Ansätze diskutiert