Emergency department visits respond nonlinearly to wildfire smoke.

Air pollution negatively affects a range of health outcomes. Wildfire smoke is an increasingly important contributor to air pollution, yet wildfire smoke events are highly salient and could induce behavioral responses that alter health impacts. We combine geolocated data covering all emergency department (ED) visits to nonfederal hospitals in California from 2006 to 2017 with spatially resolved estimates of daily wildfire smoke PM[Formula: see text] concentrations and quantify how smoke events affect ED visits. Total ED visits respond nonlinearly to smoke concentrations. Relative to a day with no smoke, total visits increase by 1 to 1.5% in the week following low or moderate smoke days but decline by 6 to 9% following extreme smoke days. Reductions persist for at least a month. Declines at extreme levels are driven by diagnoses not thought to be acutely impacted by pollution, including accidental injuries and several nonurgent symptoms, and declines come disproportionately from less-insured populations. In contrast, health outcomes with the strongest physiological link to short-term air pollution increase dramatically in the week following an extreme smoke day: We estimate that ED visits for asthma, COPD, and cough all increase by 30 to 110%. Data from internet searches, vehicle traffic sensors, and park visits indicate behavioral changes on high smoke days consistent with declines in healthcare utilization. Because low and moderate smoke days vastly outweigh high smoke days, we estimate that smoke was responsible for an average of 3,010 (95% CI: 1,760-4,380) additional ED visits per year 2006 to 2017. Given the increasing intensity of wildfire smoke events, behavioral mediation is likely to play a growing role in determining total smoke impacts

Women and children living in areas of armed conflict in Africa: a geospatial analysis of mortality and orphanhood

Background: The population effects of armed conflict on non-combatant vulnerable populations are incompletely understood. We aimed to study the effects of conflict on mortality among women of childbearing age (15–49 years) and on orphanhood among children younger than 15 years in Africa. Methods: We tested the extent to which mortality among women aged 15–49 years, and orphanhood among children younger than 15 years, increased in response to nearby armed conflict in Africa. Data on location, timing, and intensity of armed conflicts were obtained from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, and data on the location, timing, and outcomes of women and children from Demographic and Health Surveys done in 35 African countries from 1990 to 2016. Mortality among women was obtained from sibling survival data. We used cluster-area fixed-effects regression models to compare survival of women during periods of nearby conflict (within 50 km) to survival of women in the same area during times without conflict. We used similar methods to examine the extent to which children living near armed conflicts are at increased risk of becoming orphans. We examined the effects of varying conflict intensity using number of direct battle deaths and duration of consecutive conflict exposure. Findings: We analysed data on 1 629 352 women (19286387 person-years), of which 103011 (6·3%) died (534·1 deaths per 100000 women-years), and 2 354 041 children younger than 15 years, of which 204276 (8·7%) had lost a parent. On average, conflict within 50 km increased women’s mortality by 112 deaths per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 97–128; a 21% increase above baseline), and the probability that a child has lost at least one parent by 6·0% (95% CI 3–8). This effect was driven by high-intensity conflicts: exposure to the highest (tenth) decile conflict in terms of conflict-related deaths increased the probability of female mortality by 202% (187–218) and increased the likelihood of orphanhood by 42% compared with a conflict-free period. Among the conflict-attributed deaths, 10% were due to maternal mortality. Interpretation: African women of childbearing age are at a substantially increased risk of death from nearby highintensity armed conflicts. Children exposed to conflict are analogously at increased risk of becoming orphans. This work fills gaps in literature on the harmful effects of armed conflict on non-combatants and highlights the need for humanitarian interventions to protect vulnerable populations. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to the BRANCH Consortium

Livestock Risks and Control Measures for Antimicrobial Resistance in the Greater Mekong Subregion

This paper provides an overview of risks and control measures for Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) related to the livestock sector in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). Globally, the diffusion of antimicrobial use (AMU) has expanded dramatically over recent decades, remains unequally distributed (especially between developed and developing countries), but is growing most rapidly in emerging economies like those of the GMS. At the same time, these regions exhibit the highest growth rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), indicating that they should be primary candidates for more determined domestic and transboundary disease risk management and control measures.This review is intended to support greater public awareness and policy activism in addressing AMU/AMR risk, promoting expansion of cattle and other agrifood trade between CMS countries and the PRC. Based on a global review of AMR risk, we offer recommendations for risk mitigation in GMS livestock husbandry and marketing practice, particularly in a transbondary context. The report also supports a larger One Health initiative for advancing public health and food safety in the region

State of deworming coverage and equity in low-income and middle-income countries using household health surveys: a spatiotemporal cross-sectional study

Mass deworming against soil-transmitted helminthiasis, which affects 1 billion of the poorest people globally, is one of the largest public health programmes for neglected tropical diseases, and is intended to be equitable. However, the extent to which treatment programmes for deworming achieve equitable coverage across wealth class and sex is unclear and the public health metric of national deworming coverage does not include representation of equity. This study aims to measure both coverage and equity in global, national, and subnational deworming to guide future programmatic evaluation, investment, and metric design.; We used nationally representative, geospatial, household data from Demographic and Health Surveys that measured mother-reported deworming in children of preschool age (12-59 months). Deworming was defined as children having received drugs for intestinal parasites in the previous 6 months before the survey. We estimated deworming coverage disaggregated by geography, wealth quintile, and sex, and computed an equity index. We examined trends in coverage and equity index across countries, within countries, and over time. We used a regression model to compute the household correlates of deworming and ecological correlates of equitable deworming.; Our study included 820 883 children living in 50 countries from Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe that are endemic for soil-transmitted helminthiasis using 77 Demographic and Health Surveys from December, 2003, to October, 2017. In these countries, the mean deworming coverage in preschool children was estimated at 33·0% (95% CI 32·9-33·1). The subnational coverage ranged from 0·5% to 87·5%, and within-country variation was greater than between-country variation. Of the 31 countries reporting that they reached the WHO goal of more than 75% national coverage, 30 had inequity in deworming, with treatment concentrated in wealthier populations. We did not detect systematic differences in deworming equity by sex.; Substantial inequities in mass deworming programmes are common as wealthier populations have consistently higher coverage than that of the poor, including in countries reporting to have reached the WHO goal of more than 75% national coverage. These inequities seem to be geographically heterogeneous, modestly improving over time, with no evidence of sex differences in inequity. Future reporting of deworming coverage should consider disaggregation by geography, wealth, and sex with incorporation of an equity index to complement the conventional public health metric of national deworming coverage.; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Stanford University Medical Scientist Training Program

Spatial Patterns of Historical Changes in Human Heat Stress Disagree Across Metrics

Abstract A robust estimation of how heat stress is changing worldwide is complicated by the variety of heat stress metrics in use. This study compares heat stress changes between 1979–2000 and 2001–2023 across five commonly used metrics calculated with ERA5 reanalysis data. We identify regions where all metrics indicate significant increases in heat stress, highlighting a high‐certainty need for urgent adaptation efforts. Conversely, we also find regions where metrics disagree, even on the direction of change. The substantial inter‐metric spread in population heat exposure is comparable to the spread across five reanalysis products and 17 CMIP6 climate models. We attribute these inter‐metric discrepancies to differing temperature‐humidity relative weight across metrics. Our findings highlight metric choice as a significant source of uncertainty in heat stress projections and emphasize the need for a better understanding of the suitability of different metrics for specific climate regimes and impacts. Plain Language Summary Many metrics have been constructed for the measurement of human heat stress. Different metrics may give different answers about how heat stress is changing across regions. In this study, we compare five commonly used heat stress metrics in terms of their estimations of how heat stress has changed worldwide from 1979–2000 to 2001–2023 based on ERA5 reanalysis data. We identify several regions where all metrics consistently show significant increases in heat stress, underscoring a consistent need for adaptation. However, we also find other regions where metrics produce conflicting results–even disagreeing on whether heat stress is increasing or decreasing. Overlaying heat stress with global population data, we observe a large spread in population heat exposure across different metrics. This divergence is related to how temperature and humidity are weighted relative to each other across different metrics. Our results highlight that metric choice is an important source of uncertainty in predicting future heat stress and its associated impacts. More efforts are needed to better understand which metrics are most suitable for different climate conditions and applications. Key Points We identify regions where different metrics agree or disagree about how human heat stress has changed during 1979–2023 We find substantial inter‐metric spread in heat exposure, comparable to the spread from reanalysis product and climate model choices These inter‐metric discrepancies are primarily driven by differing temperature‐humidity relative weight across metric

Long read sequencing identifies complex structural variant landscape and recurrent TERT rearrangements in mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (MEC) is a common salivary malignant neoplasm. Approximately 60 % of MECs harbor translocations between CRTC1 or CRTC3 and MAML2, which are thought to drive disease pathogenesis. However, the precise structural mechanism driving this rearrangement remains uncharacterized. Here, we performed multi-omic and long read genomic sequencing, discovering a chain of alterations that created the CRTC1::MAML2 fusion, but also an unexpected MAML2 to MYBL1 rearrangement, suggesting that MYBL1 may play a larger role in salivary gland cancers than previously recognized. Furthermore, we discovered and validated recurrent TERT rearrangements and amplifications in MEC models. 5/5 MEC cell lines and 36/39 (92 %) primary MEC tumors harbored a TERT rearrangement or copy number amplification. Custom sequencing of the TERT locus confirmed translocation breakpoints in 13/33 (39 %) MECs, while exome sequencing confirmed frequent TERT amplifications. Critically, TERT knockdown in NCI-H292, a cell line with TERT promoter rearrangement, reduced clonogenic cell survival, supporting a critical role of this gene in MEC tumorigenesis. Overall, our data suggest that complex chromothripsis rearrangement mechanisms drive the formation of structural variation in CRTC1::MAML2 fusion positive and negative tumors and reveal highly recurrent structural variation driving TERT rearrangement in MEC

Climate benefits of intact Amazon forests and the biophysical consequences of disturbance

Tropical forests have an important regulating influence on local and regional climate, through modulating the exchange of moisture and energy between the land and the atmosphere. Deforestation disrupts this exchange, though the climatic consequences of progressive, patch-scale deforestation of formerly intact forested landscapes have not previously been assessed. Remote sensing datasets of land surface and atmospheric variables were used to compare the climate responses of Amazon evergreen broadleaf forests that lost their intact status between 2000 and 2013. Clear gradients in environmental change with increasing disturbance were observed. Leaf area index (LAI) showed progressively stronger reductions as forest loss increased, with evapotranspiration (ET) showing a comparative decline. These changes in LAI and ET were related to changes in temperature (T), with increased warming as deforestation increased. Severe deforestation of intact Amazon forest, defined as areas where canopy cover was reduced below 70 %, was shown to have increased daytime land surface T by 0.44 °C over the study period. Differences between intact and disturbed forests were most pronounced during the dry season, with severely deforested areas warming as much as 1.5 °C. Maintenance of canopy cover was identified as an important factor in minimising the impacts of disturbance. Overall, the results highlight the climate benefits provided by intact tropical forests, providing further evidence that protecting intact forests is of utmost importance