A Cascaded Inverter For Transformerless Single Phase Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems

The design and control issues associated with the development of single phase grid-connected photovoltaic system incorporating a multi-level cascaded inverter are discussed in this paper. The advantages of transformer less inverter over a full-bridge inverter in combination with a line frequency transformer which is a common topology has been described in this report. Attractive features of multi-level inverters have been studied and descriptive details of photovoltaic system along with control and grid synchronization has been given this paper. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the suitability of the control method

Structural and Compositional Analysis of Feathers of Sunbird Nectarinia Asiatica

The plumage of many birds is highly attractive, especially when thefeathers are patterned in strongly contrasting colours. Orange colours are generally caused by pigments that selectively absorb short-wavelength light. When these pigments are embedded in a diffusive medium, only the long-wavelength part of incident broadband light is reflected and scattered. In contrast, blue or green animal coloration is virtually always due to periodic structures that reflect and scatter incident light of a restricted short-wavelength range(Srinivasarao, 1999; Vukusic and Sambles, 2003; Kinoshita and Yoshioka, 2005; Prum, 2006). Pigmentary and structural coloration are often found simultaneously, not only in birds but also in many other animals, for example butterflies, beetles and lizards (Kinoshita,2008). Birds possess various pigment classes, for instance carotenoids, pterins, porphyrins, psittacofulvins and melanins (McGraw, 2006; Hill and McGraw, 2006), and various mechanisms of structural colouration, namely thin films, multilayers, photonic crystals, keratin spongy nanostructures and nanofibres (e.g. Durrer, 1977; Shawkey et al., 2003;Shawkey et al., 2006; Yoshioka et al., 2007; Doucet and Meadows, 2009; Prum et al., 2009; Stavenga et al., 2010; D’Alba et al., 2011). The predominant location of colouration is the feathers, often either the barbs or the barbules. Structural coloration of avian skin have been long hypothesized to be produced by incoherent(Rayleigh /Tyndall )scattering. Avian plumage color have emerged recently as model system for investigating the type of information that can be signaled by showy sexual display in birds.The non pigmentary colors of the tissues of living organism are produced by physical interaction of light with nanostructures in the tissues. The brilliant iridescent color appearances of many avian feathers are produced by complex optical phenomena. They principally arise from coherent light scattering from self-assembled quasi-ordered structures that have a spatially periodic variation in refractive index. Iridescent structural colors in biology exhibit sophisticated spatially-varying reflectance properties that depend on both the illumination and viewing angles. The classification of such spectral and spatial information in iridescent structurally colored surfaces is important to elucidate the functional role of irregularity and to improve understanding of color pattern formation at different length scale

Evaluation of saturated hydraulic conductivity from soil properties in an Inceptisol using different land cover and depths

hree soil profiles from Regional Research Station of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Gayeshpur situated in New Alluvial zone of Nadia district, West Bengal were studied to assess the predictability of the hydraulic conductivity of the soil as influenced by different physical and chemical and properties of cultivated and forest land. The various statistical procedures were employed on the measured laboratory based data for comprehensive agree-ment of dependent hydraulic conductivity of soils as a model function of independent soil variables that is likely to be useful for different land cover systems. Soils are neutral in reaction, silty clay to silty clay loam in nature. Forest soil contained greater organic carbon (OC) (5.9 ± 0.16 g kg-1) compared to cultivated soil (4.4 ± 0.34 g kg-1). Jhau plan-tation recorded the highest value (6.8 g kg-1) of OC due to soil texture and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Soil hydraulic conductivity was greater in soil for cabbage and Sagun tree among the cultivated and forest soil studied with values 2.80 and 1.10 cmh -1. Correlation study showed a positive and negative relation with hydraulic conductiv-ity for sand (r= 0.68; P > 0.05) and clay (r= - 0.71; P > 0.05) respectively. Further, principal component analysis con-cluded that addition of bulk density with clay and sand can predict the hydraulic conductivity for different land uses

Concept of Nadi Pariksha and its Utility

Ayurveda is a science of health. Diagnosis of the diseases is done in various ways since ages in Ayurveda. A number of noninvasive, cost-effective diagnostic methods were evaluated. One of the primary diagnostic instruments in Ayurveda is the Ashtavidha Pariksha. In order to diagnose diseases, Acharya Yogaratnakara gave a detailed description of the funda-mentals of eight different types of investigation processes: Nadi, Mutra, Mala, Jivha, Shabda, Sparsha, Drik, and Akriti. Of these, Nadi Pariksha is an essential tool for diagnosing various Dosha and Deha conditions, such as reduced, hyper, mixed, or normal functions. It is a useful tool for practitioners to assess patients' physiological and psychological states in addition to Tridoshas. So there is need to re-establish the information behind the Nadi Pariksha so that they can be used in minimal diagnosis and prognosis

A novel study of properties, functional equations and families of fuzzy implications through strict monotonicity

summary:It is well known that monotonicity has been an important defining criterion for fuzzy logic connectives, such as fuzzy negations, t-norms, t-conorms and fuzzy implications. Also, a stronger version of monotonicity, namely strict monotonicity, establishes some significant representation theorems of continuous fuzzy negations, continuous t-norms and continuous t-conorms. In this work, we propose the strict monotonicity for fuzzy implications and investigate some necessary conditions on fuzzy implications to fulfill the same. Also, the relationship between the basic properties, functional equations of fuzzy implications and the strict monotonicity will be investigated. Further, we examine the strict monotonicity for fuzzy implications that do come from different families of fuzzy implications and show that the strict monotonicity is a necessary condition for fuzzy polynomial implications, fuzzy rational implications and some subclasses of $(S,N)$ and $f$-generated fuzzy implications

Mass closure versus layered closure of midline laparotomy incisions

Background: When surgeons started performing surgeries since 19th century, they have to impose wound on their patients and it is their duty to strive constantly to get these wounds to heal as quickly, reliably and severely as possible, and now the behaviour of surgical wound is largely predictable. This study aims to evaluate the benefits or otherwise between single layer closure and layered closure in a peripheral medical college. Methods: All patients who have undergone emergency exploratory laparotomy in Department of General Surgery, College of Medicine and JNM Hospital, Kalyani Results: In our study, out of 50 patients, most of the patients were >30 years old [19 (38.0%)]. Seven (28.0%) patients were >30 and <61 years of age in group A (mass closure) and 12 (48.0%) patients were >30 years of age in group B (layered closure). Age was not significantly associated with group in group A (mass closure) and group B (layered closure) (p=0.0540). We observed that, mean age was lower in group B (layered closure) (37.7600±14.8304) compared to group A (mass closure) (47.3600±15.0993) though it was statistically significant (p=0.0279). Conclusions: In our study, out of 50 patients, most of the patients were >30 years old and age was not significantly associated with group in group A (mass closure) and group B (layered closure). We found that, male population and female population were equal in both two groups. Sex was significantly related with two groups. We observed that, Band adhesion and Perforated appendix were equal in both groups. Which was not statistically significant

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MEDIA AND pH ON GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF DIFFERENT NATIVE TRICHODERMA SPP

Different native Trichoderma isolated from agricultural soils were tested in vitro for suitable media, their pH levels tolerance and sporulation. The colony growth diameter and sporulation of fungi were greatly influenced by the different type of growth medium and pH. Keeping this back ground in mind the present work was undertaken.Variation in mycelial growth and fungal sporulation was observed at different media tested. On the basis of microscopic observation and growth characteristics,two native T Pun and T Pun2 isolates were tenta- tively identified as Trichodermavirens and Trichodermaharzianum, respectively. Colony radial growth and sporu- lation of native Trichoderma isolates was found to be excellent on Potato Dextrose Agar followed by Oat meal agar medium at optimal environmental conditions. All the Trichoderma isolates can grow at pH range between 5 and 8.Isolates T Pun2 and T Pun showed growth at all the pH, but the combination of growth (75.77, 70.87) and sporulation (7.85×10 7, 6.0×10 7 ) was found to be best at pH 6 respectively. Whereas, least growth (57.53, 63.23) of T Pun2 and T Pun isolates were found at pH8 and minimum sporulation (1.8×10 7, 2.87×10 7 ) were also observed in TSM medium respectively

Experimental Determination of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient of Tissue Mimicking Gel

The present study deals with finding the convective heat transfer coefficient of agarose gel prepared at two different concentrations of 0.6 % w/v and 1.4% w/v. It is carried out with the help of very simple and easily available laboratory apparatus designed specifically for the determination of convective heat transfer coefficient of tissue mimicking gel. This paper demonstrates an experimental study on three reference temperatures corresponding to 60°C, 70°C and 80°C maintained in the water bath. The sample is designed in such a way that it behaves as a lumped parameter system characterized by a uniform temperature distribution within the system. The variation of temperature with time is recorded with the help of data acquisition system and LabView. The convective heat transfer coefficient of tissue mimicking gel is predicted by fitting the analytical result with the experimental result which ensures a goodness of fit in the range of 97% - 99%. The predicted value of convective heat transfer coefficient lies between 400-450 W/m2 K

Površinske promjene na spermijima iz nuzjaja jarca povezane s in vitro kapacitacijom i akrosomskom reakcijom na bioaktivni sastojak iz morskog puža Telescopium telescopium

A protein factor, spermatheca fraction fi fty, isolated from the spermatheca/ovotestis gland of a marine mollusc Telescopium telescopium by 50% ammonium sulphate precipitation was capable of inducing a capacitation and acrosome reaction of washed goat cauda epididymal spermatozoa in vitro. The effect of this isolated bio-active compound on goat sperm cells was comparable to heparin and concanavalinA. The number of acrosome reacted spermatozoa treated with heparin, concanavalinA and spermatheca fraction fifty increased steadily and signifi cantly (P<0.001) over the extended period of incubation. Observation concluded that spermatheca fraction fifty could be used for the evaluation of sperm plasmamembrane integrity and/or acrosomal integrity in vitro.Bjelančevina, 50 frakcija spermateke, izdvojena iz spermateke/ovotestisa morskoga mekušca Telescopium telescopium u postupku precipitacije s 50%-tnim amonijevim sulfatom potaknula je in vitro kapacitaciju i akrosomsku reakciju ispranih spermija iz nuzjajeta jarca. Učinak ovoga bioaktivnog sastojka na spermije jarca bio je usporediv s učinkom heparina i konkanavalina A. Broj spermija s akrosomskom reakcijom obrađenih heparinom, konkanavalinom A i frakcijom 50 spermateke pouzdano je i značajno (P<0,001) povećao razdoblje inkubacije. Zaključuje se da bi se frakcija 50 spermateke mogla rabiti za procjenu integriteta plazmalne membrane i/ili akrosomskog integriteta in vitro