Diseño de un robot paralelo para la rehabilitación de las extremidades superiores en pacientes que han sufrido derrames cerebrales

El siguiente trabajo se presenta el diseño mecánico, electrónico y de control de una maquina para la rehabilitación de las extremidades superiores en pacientes que han sufrido derrames cerebrales. Para la realización del objetivo general , se tuvo que definir la exigencias que debe cumplir el sistema, realizar un estudio del arte actual para reconocer el estado de la tecnología relacionada con robots de rehabilitación. Para el diseño se consideró un mecanismo paralelo de 5 barras y dos grados de libertad. A partir de ello se desarrolló la estructura mecánica, luego se seleccionó todos los componentes electrónicos y finalmente, se aplicó un algoritmo de control no lineal llamado Sliding Mode para el control de la trayectoria

Plan estrategico de mercadeo para la Cooperativa multiactiva de productores de cholupa del Huila en el municipio de Rivera

El presente proyecto aplicado tiene como propósito realizar una planeación estratégica aplicada a la Cooperativa Multiactiva de Productores de Cholupas del Huila ubicada en el barrio centro del municipio de Rivera, departamento del Huila, con la finalidad de mejorar su desarrollo organizacional y mayor proyección en el sector frutícola en lo regional, nacional e internacional; además, se propone como una guía base para que otras empresas del sector frutícola, la tomen como referencia para su mayor crecimiento y mejor competitividad en el mercado. El estudio estará enmarcado en una investigación descriptiva, fundamentada a nivel comprensivo en el desarrollo de procesos de investigación documental, y analizará una experiencia organizacional en concreto elaborando conclusiones, realizando comparaciones y por último aportando una visión personal que proponga un planeamiento estratégico de dicha organización. Así mismo, para la elaboración de este planeamiento estratégico y cumplimiento de objetivos propuestos, se tomarán como referencia fuentes bibliográficas de ideas innovadoras de marketing y promoción de ventas en el sector frutícola, con un análisis detallado de las herramientas de prospectiva y la descripción del problema técnico, donde se identificarán los principales interesados, se definirá la mejor solución al problema planteado, y con base a ello, se describirán cada uno de los elementos relevantes y aspectos administrativos para su efectivo desarrollo.The purpose of this applied project is to carry out a strategic planning applied to the Cooperative of cholupas del Huila located in the central neighborhood of the municipality of Rivera, department of Huila, in order to improve its organizational development and greater projection in the fruit sector at the level regional, national and international; In addition, it will be a guide as a basis for other companies in the fruit sector to take it as a reference for their greater growth and better competitiveness in the market. The study will be framed in a projective investigation, based on a comprehensive level in the development of documentary investigation processes, and will analyze a specific organizational experience drawing conclusions, making comparisons and finally providing a personal vision that proposes a strategic planning of said organization. Likewise, for the elaboration of this strategic planning and fulfillment of the proposed objectives, bibliographic sources of innovative ideas of marketing and sales promotion in the fruit sector will be taken as a reference, with a detailed analysis of the foresight tools and the description of the problem. technician, where the main stakeholders will be identified, the best solution to the problem will be defined, and based on this, each of the relevant elements and administrative aspects for its effective development will be described

Efecto de varios inoculos de leguminosas sobre soya y fríjol

El estudio se realizó en el Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario-ICA en Palmira, durante los semestres 87B y 89B. Todas las especies nodularon a partir de los primeros 15 días después de emergencia, exceptuando Cassia tora. El resto de materiales presentaron nódulos efectivos. La posición de los nódulos fue en toda la raíz menos en las variedades de fríjol que sólo los presentaron en las raíces secundarias. La forma fue globosa excepto en Crotalaria (ovales, astragaloides yen forma de bastón) y el tamaño fue pequeño (hasta 2.5 mm de diámetro) excepto en soya (5 mm). En otro ensayo se probaron en soya y fríjol las cepas aisladas de Rizobios de soya, frijol, maní, frijolillo, Desmodium, Crotalaria y mungo. La soya únicamente noduló con su cepa especifica, mientras que el fríjol hizo con todas las cepas, por lo cual se recomienda que se hagan evaluaciones de fijación de nitrógeno en esta especie con otras cepas para conocer la respuesta.A study was carried out of the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario-ICA of Palmira between the second semester of 1987 and second of 1989 with the objetive to see of nodulation form and the response of soybean and beans to seven strains of Rizobium of soybean, beans, mungobean, caupí, peanuts, crotalaria and Desmodium. All of especies nodulated after 15 days of emergence also, the nodules lasted in all of especies up to 60 days after emergence except in beans which deteriorated nodules were evident after flowering. The position of nodules were in the main root and secundaries except for beans that only presented nodules in secundary roots; besides, all species presented global shapes nodules except for Crotalaria which showed oval, astragal and baton shape. The size was small in all especies, however, soybean presented big nodules so as 5 mm of diameter. The soybean nodulated specifically with its strain; however, beans presented effective nodulation with other strains suggesting gesting a wide types strains for this legume and permitting more studies about it

AMNIOTE PHYLOGENY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF FOSSILS

Several prominent cladists have questioned the importance of fossils in phylogenctic inference, and it is becoming increasingly popular to simply fit extinct forms, if they are considered at all, to a cladogram of Recent taxa. Gardiner's (1982) and LØvtrup's (1985) study of amniote phylogeny exemplifies this differential treatment, and we focused on that group of organisms to test the proposition that fossils cannot overturn a theory of relationships based only on the Recent biota. Our parsimony analysis of amniote phylogeny, special knowledge contributed by fossils being scrupulously avoided, led to the following best fitting classification, which is similar to the novel hypothesis Gardiner published: (lepidosaurs (turtles (mammals (birds, crocodiles)))). However, adding fossils resulted in a markedly different most parsimonious cladogram of the extant taxa: (mammals (turtles (lepidosaurs (birds, crocodiles)))). That classification is like the traditional hypothesis, and it provides a better fit to the stratigraphic record. To isolate the extinct taxa responsible for the latter classification, the data were successively partitioned with each phylogenetic analysis, and we concluded that: (1) the ingroup, not the outgroup, fossils were important; (2) synapsid, not reptile, fossils were pivotal; (3) certain synapsid fossils, not the earliest or latest, were responsible. The critical nature of the synapsid fossils seemed to lie in the particular combination of primitive and derived character slates they exhibited. Classifying those fossils, along with mammals, as the sister group to the lineage consisting of birds and crocodiles resulted in a relatively poor fit to data; one involving a 2—4 fold increase in evolutionary reversals! Thus, the importance of the critical fossils, collectively or individually, seems to reside in their relative primitive-ness, and the simplest explanation for their more conservative nature is that they have had less time to evolve. While fossils may be important in phylogenetic inference only under certain conditions, there is no compelling reason to prejudge their contribution. We urge systematists to evaluate fairly all of the available evidence.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73857/1/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00514.x.pd

No cinquentenário de Ansiedade, de Joaquim Paço D`Arcos

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Efecto de varios inoculos de leguminosas sobre soya y fríjol

A study was carried out of the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario-ICA of Palmira between the second semester of 1987 and second of 1989 with the objetive to see of nodulation form and the response of soybean and beans to seven strains of Rizobium of soybean, beans, mungobean, caupí, peanuts, crotalaria and Desmodium. All of especies nodulated after 15 days of emergence also, the nodules lasted in all of especies up to 60 days after emergence except in beans which deteriorated nodules were evident after flowering. The position of nodules were in the main root and secundaries except for beans that only presented nodules in secundary roots; besides, all species presented global shapes nodules except for Crotalaria which showed oval, astragal and baton shape. The size was small in all especies, however, soybean presented big nodules so as 5 mm of diameter. The soybean nodulated specifically with its strain; however, beans presented effective nodulation with other strains suggesting gesting a wide types strains for this legume and permitting more studies about it.El estudio se realizó en el Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario-ICA en Palmira, durante los semestres 87B y 89B. Todas las especies nodularon a partir de los primeros 15 días después de emergencia, exceptuando Cassia tora. El resto de materiales presentaron nódulos efectivos. La posición de los nódulos fue en toda la raíz menos en las variedades de fríjol que sólo los presentaron en las raíces secundarias. La forma fue globosa excepto en Crotalaria (ovales, astragaloides yen forma de bastón) y el tamaño fue pequeño (hasta 2.5 mm de diámetro) excepto en soya (5 mm). En otro ensayo se probaron en soya y fríjol las cepas aisladas de Rizobios de soya, frijol, maní, frijolillo, Desmodium, Crotalaria y mungo. La soya únicamente noduló con su cepa especifica, mientras que el fríjol hizo con todas las cepas, por lo cual se recomienda que se hagan evaluaciones de fijación de nitrógeno en esta especie con otras cepas para conocer la respuesta

Immunological and Pathogenic Differences of Two Experimental Bluetongue Virus Serotype Infections Evaluated in Two Disparate Host Species

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a prevalent midge-borne pathogen that infects ruminant species worldwide. BTV infections range from asymptomatic to lethal, with mechanisms that determine the severity of infection remaining largely undefined. Although it is relatively poorly understood, the immune response to BTV infection is thought to be critical for both the propagation of disease as well as the resolution of infection. To bridge this gap in knowledge, we infected cohorts of sheep and muntjac deer with two serotypes of BTV (BTV10 and BTV17) for longitudinal analysis (30 days). Interestingly, species-specific differences were observed. Circulating virus was detected early and remained detectable for the duration of the sheep study, while infections in muntjac showed faltering detection of BTV10 at 3 weeks post infection. The magnitude of the immune response was subdued in the muntjac when compared to the sheep cohorts, though similar responses were observed. We also assessed midge viral uptake and the ability to replicate BTV. Midges successfully fed on both species, yet those that fed on sheep resulted in more efficient BTV transmission. Our findings demonstrate that differences in BTV infections, immune responses, and vector competence across host species and serotypes will impact global BTV emergence and strategies for mitigation