The development of education in Sunderland during the nineteenth century.

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Analysis and Classification of Music-induced States of Sadness

The enjoyment and pleasure derived from sad music has sparked fascination amongst researchers due to its seemingly paradoxical nature in producing positive affect. Research is yet to develop a comprehensive understanding of this ‘paradox’. Contradictory findings have resulted in a great variability within the literature, meaning results and interpretations can be difficult to derive. Consequently, this review collated the current literature, seeking to utilize the variability in the findings to propose a model of differential sad states, providing a means for past and future findings to be interpreted. The proposed model is based in theoretical understanding, as such it requires full empirical support. Comparisons to alternative models, theoretical, clinical, and cognitive implications, as well as future directions are discussed

Cryptococcal virulence in humans : learning from translational studies with clinical isolates

Cryptococcosis, an invasive mycosis caused by Cryptococcus spp, kills between 20% and 70% of the patients who develop it. There are no vaccines for prevention, and treatment is based on a limited number of antifungals. Studying fungal virulence and how the host responds to infection could lead to new therapies, improving outcomes for patients. The biggest challenge, however, is that experimental cryptococcosis models do not completely recapitulate human disease, while human experiments are limited due to ethical reasons. To overcome this challenge, one of the approaches used by researchers and clinicians is to: 1) collect cryptococcal clinical isolates and associated patient data; 2) study the set of isolates in the laboratory (virulence and host-pathogen interaction variables, molecular markers); 3) correlate the laboratory and patient data to understand the roles fungal attributes play in the human disease. Here we review studies that have shed light on the cryptococcosis pathophysiology using these approaches, with a special focus on human disease. Isolates that more effectively evade macrophage responses, that secrete more laccase, melanize faster and have larger capsules in the cerebrospinal fluid are associated with poorer patient outcomes. Additionally, molecular studies have also shown that cryptococcal clades vary in virulence, with clinical impact. Limitations of those studies include the use of a small number of isolates or retrospectively collected clinical data. The fact that they resulted in very important information is a reflection of the impact this strategy has in understanding cryptococcosis and calls for international collaboration that could boost our knowledge

Laccase affects the rate of Cryptococcus neoformans nonlytic exocytosis from macrophages

Nonlytic exocytosis is a process in which previously ingested microbes are expelled from host phagocytes with the concomitant survival of both cell types. This process has been observed in the interaction of Cryptococcus spp. and other fungal cells with phagocytes as distant as mammalian, bird, and fish macrophages and ameboid predators. Despite a great amount of research dedicated to unraveling this process, there are still many questions about its regulation and its final benefits for host or fungal cells. During a study to characterize the virulence attributes of Brazilian clinical isolates of C. neoformans, we observed great variability in their rates of nonlytic exocytosis and noted a correlation between this process and fungal melanin production/laccase activity. Flow cytometry experiments using melanized cells, nonmelanized cells, and lac1Δ mutants revealed that laccase has a role in the process of nonlytic exocytosis that seems to be independent of melanin production. These results identify a role for laccase in virulence, independent of its role in pigment production, that represents a new variable in the regulation of nonlytic exocytosis

The Enhancing and Impairing Effect of Sad Music: Moderating Role of Cognitive Reappraisal

Seemingly paradoxical, sad music has exhibited potential in improving mood in individuals, as well as being detrimental to mood and indicative of maladaptive behaviours concerning emotion regulation. Research suggests that different adaptive and maladaptive behaviours underlie sad music listening. As such, cognitive reappraisal (CR) was explored, investigating its effectiveness at promoting adaptive behaviours associated with sad music listening, while negating the negative psychological outcomes. CR is a cognitive skill that focuses on the reframing and re-evaluation of negative events in a positive way. Across two studies, the combined effect of sad music and CR, when exposed to neutral or sad events on mood, was explored. Data analyses revealed that CR significantly enhanced mood notably more than the control task. A three-way interaction effect revealed that increases to MDD severity was associated with worse mood regulation across all but one condition. Only happy music and the control task was associated with an increase in mood regulation despite increased MDD severity. Therefore, CR was shown to be effective in improving one's mood, though mood regulation typically decreased as MDD severity increased. The discussion covered how these results fit into the existing literature and covers the theoretical implications