Optimization of Ethanol-water Composition as Extraction Solvent in Producing Sambung Nyawa (Gynura Procumbens (Lour.) Merr.) Leaves Dry Extract

Sambung Nyawa leaves (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr has been widely used as herbal medicine which requires a quality improvement of the dry extract for industrial production. Extraction solvent optimization is one key factor which determines the quality. This research aims was to find out the optimal ethanol-water composition as extraction solvent by using Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method of which the total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH radical scavenging activity were used as quality parameters. Dried leaves as raw materials were pulverized and screened at Mesh 60, macerated (1:5) with ethanol-water compositition as 1:0; 0.7:0.3; and 0.5:0.5 v/v, shaked for 24 h, filtered. The procedure was repeated twice. Filtrates were collected of which lactose were added (1:2)w/w and spray dried at 100C for 30 min. Dried extracts yielded were evaluated the quality by using SLD method of which the total phenolics, total flavonoids as well as DPPH radical scavenging activity were used as parameters. Optimal SLD response was revealed at the ethanol:water composition of 0.66:0.34 – 0.75:0.25 v/v (Rtotal>0.9). No significant difference of the above mentioned parameters between the values resulted from the experiment and SLD formula. Correlation analyses of total phenolics and total flavonoids towards DPPH-radical scavenging activity were found as 95.29% and 1.25%, respectively

Perbandingan Daya Antiquorum Sensing Ekstrak N-heksan, Etil Asetat Dan Metanol Kulit Batang Krangean (Litsea Cubeba (Lour.) Pers.) Terhadap Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Quorum sensing adalah suatu bentuk komunikasi bakteri yang membantu mengatur perilaku koloni bakteri. Quorum sensing merupakan mekanisme komunikasi berdasarkan ekspresi gen dan populasi bakteri yang mempengaruhi perkembangan biofilm, pompa effluks, produksi toksin, dan faktor virulen lainnya. Quorum sensing inhibitor mengurangi patogenisitas organisme, mengurangi sifat virulen organisme, dan membantu sistem imun untuk membersihkan infeksi bakteri. Quorum sensing inhibitor dapat dikombinasi dengan antibiotik untuk membersihkan patogen yang persisten. Minyak atsiri kulit batang Krangean (Litsea cubeba) diketahui dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri dan pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans. Karena quorum sensing berperan dalam pembentukan biofilm maka dilakukan penelitian aktivitas daya antiquorum sensing kulit batang Krangean terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Penentuan kadar hambat minimal dari ekstrak n-heksan, etil asetat, dan metanol dilakukan dengan metode mikrodilusi. Dari hasil penelitian, didapatkan hasil bahwa ekstrak etil asetat merupakan ekstrak yang paling aktif terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa dengan kadar hambat minimal 8µg/µl. Ekstrak aktif etil asetat kemudian diuji daya antiquorum sensing dengan metode sumuran. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak aktif etil asetat dengan loading sampel 25 mg per sumuran, memiliki aktivitas antibakteri dan hambatan produksi pioverdin. Senyawa aktif diidentifikasi dengan KLT kemudian dilakukan uji bioautografi. Active compound group was unable to be determined by TLC then bioautography assay. Golongan senyawa yang terdapat di dalam ekstrak etil asetat yaitu alkaloid dan fenolik

Analisis Korelasi Antara Kadar Flavonoid Dengan Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Dan Fraksi-fraksi Daun Kersen (Muntingia Calabura L.) Terhadap Staphylococcus Aureus

Daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) diketahui mengandung beberapa senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, salah satunya adalah flavonoid. Flavonoid bekerja sebagai antibakteri dengan beberapa mekanisme aksi, diantaranya menghambat sintesis asam nukleat, menghambat fungsi membran sitoplasma dan menghambat metabolisme energi dari bakteri. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat mengetahui kadar bunuh minimum (KBM) ekstrak dan fraksi daun kersen terhadap S. aureus, untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri yang paling besar dari ekstrak etanol dan masing-masing fraksi serta korelasi antara aktivitas antibakteri dengan kandungan flavonoid total. Serbuk sampel kering dimaserasi dengan etanol 96%. Ekstrak etanol dipartisi dengan fraksinasi cair-cair secara berturut-turut menggunakan heksan, etil asetat, dan air. Ekstrak etanol dan masing-masing fraksi kemudian diuji aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap S. aureus dengan metode dilusi menggunakan media Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) pada konsentrasi 20 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, dan 5 mg/mL. Sebagai kontrol pembanding digunakan antibiotik Seftazidim, pelarut DMSO, dan media MHB. Kuersetin digunakan sebagai standar pembanding dalam mengukur kandungan flavonoid total menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Analisis hasil dilakukan dengan membandingkan kadar flavonoid total dari ekstrak etanol dan masing-masing fraksi dengan KBM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat merupakan fraksi yang paling aktif dengan KBM 0,312 mg/mL, sekaligus sebagai fraksi yang memiliki kadar flavonoid total paling besar yaitu sebesar 5,624 % QE. Analisis korelasi Pearson menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol dan masing-masing fraksi, 93% dipengaruhi oleh kandungan flavonoid total

Optimatization of Sucrose and Aspartame Composition as Sweetening Agent in Mengkudu Fruit Ethanolic Extract Effervescent-tablet Formulation

Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) has been widely used as traditional medicine. Its unpleasant smell and flavor urge a more acceptable dosage formulation. The aim of this research was to optimize the composition of sucrose and aspartame as sweetening agent in effervescent tablet formulation by using Simplex Lattice Design method. Effervescent tablets were produced by fusion method in five (5) different formulas, i.e. formula I (100% sucrose), II (suucrose-aspartame=75%:25%), III (sucrose-aspartame=50%:50%), IV (sucrose-aspartame=25%:75) dan V (100% aspartame). Effervescent granules were evaluated for mass density, flowing time, tapping index and compactibility characteristics. The effervescent tablets were tested for weight uniformity, hardness, friability, and disintegration time characteristics as well as TLC profile chromatogram. Data was analyzed by one way ANOVA, Scheffe method and Kruskall-Wallis with significance level 95%. The tablet acceptability was tested among 30 respondents. The results showed that the different composition of sucrose-aspartame influence the physical characteristics of granules and tablets effervescent produced. More sucrose content will increase the hardness, lower the friability but prolong the disintegration time. 70% respondents chose formula III as the best formula. Evaluation of SLD data recommended sucrose and aspartame in 42:58 proportion as the most optimum formula

Marine Sponges Jaspis sp, A Potential Bioactive Natural Sorce against Infectious Diseases

Kerjasama penelitian Unhas-UGMThe emergence of drug resisntant and multi drug resistant TB and malaria strains, as well as the lack of any current chemoteraphy augmented the necessity to serach for new and better anti_TB, malaria, toxoplasmosis and other anti-infective drug leads. Polar fraction of acetone extract of BL-10 was considered to be potential compounds for further characterization as anti infective agents

IMPLEMENTASI STANDAR MUTU DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH NEGERI (SMP) NEGERI 1 SUKOREJO PASURUAN

 Peningkatan mutu Pembelajaran Agama Islam membuat guru memiliki peran yang sangat penting. Keberhasilan dalam pembelajaran bermutu terletak pada strategi pembelajaran. SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo merupakan lembaga pendidikan negeri dengan dengan peserta didik yang memiliki prestasi akademik dan non-akademik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa strategi pembelajaran pendidikan agama Islam (PAI) di SMPN 1 Sukorejo Pasuruan dan mutu pembelajaran pendidikan agama Islam (PAI) di SMPN 1 Sukorejo Pasuruan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisa data dilakukan dengan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Subjek penelitian adalah kepala sekolah, waka kurikulum, guru PAI, dan peserta didik.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) standar mutu proses di SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo meliputi, standar mutu perencanaan, standar mutu pelaksanaan, standar mutu penilaian, dan standar mutu pengawasan PAI; 2) pencapaian standar mutu proses di SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo adalah penyusunan rencana pembelajaran, pelaksanaan pembelajaran, pelaksanaan evaluasi pembelajaran secara berkala, penerapan model strategi PAKEM dalam proses pembelajaran, dan pelaksanaan peningkatan profesionalitas guru; 3) implikasi strategi guru PAI dalam meningkatkan mutu pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo. Kata kunci: implementasi, pembelajaran, PAI In an effort to improve the quality of Islamic religious learning, teachers have a very important role. Success in quality learning could not be separated from learning strategies. SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo is a state educational institution with excellent education with students meeting the requirements for academic and non-academic achievements. This study aims to analyze the learning strategy of Islamic religious education at SMPN 1 Sukorejo Pasuruan and the quality of learning Islamic religious education at SMPN 1 Sukorejo Pasuruan. This study uses a qualitative approach. Data was collected by using interview techniques, participatory observation, and documentation. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Research informants were obtained from school principals, waka curriculum, PAI teachers, and students. The results showed that: 1) the quality standards of the process in SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo include, the quality standards of PAI learning planning, the quality standards of the implementation of PAI learning, the quality standards of PAI assessment, and the quality standards of PAI supervision, 2) the achievement of the quality standards of the process in SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo is the preparation of learning plans, implementation of learning, implementation of periodic learning evaluations, application of the PAKEM strategy model in the learning process, and implementation of teacher professionalism improvement, and 3) the implications of implementing PAI teacher strategies in improving the quality of PAI learning in SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo. Keywords: implementation, learning, Islamic religion learning.

DAYA ANTI QUORUM SENSING EKSTRAK DAUN KAYU MANIS (Cinnamomun burmannii Ness. Ex Bl.) TERHADAP Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Quorum sensing is a communication system among bacterial cells which correlates with biofilm formation. Biofilm can protect bacteria from environment including antibiotic of which can cause higher antibiotic concentration of 100 up to 1000 times. Inhibition of quorum sensing is expected to inhibit the biofilm formation. The cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii Ness. Ex Bl.) has been known to have antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Leaves are available abundantly which urges a research to find out the activity as anti quorum sensing against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The succesive maceration of dried pulverized leaves produced hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts.  Antibacterial activity was observed by microdillution method with MTT assay. Afterwards, the active extract was examined for anti quorum sensing activity by diffusion method in cetrimide Agar. Quorum sensing activity was shown by dark zone (opaque) growth around sample application, observed under UV light of 366 nm. TLC bioautography method was done to observe the active spots by using silica gel F254 as the stationary phase, chloroform-methanol (6:1 v/v) as the mobile phase, loading sample used was 1.25 mg and 30 min of plate contact duration. The ethyl acetate extract inhibited growth of  P. aeruginosa with shown by MIC at 8 µg/µL Quorum sensing as well as growth inhibition activities were observed at loading samples 12,5 and 25 mg/wells, while at 6,25 mg the extract only exhibited quorum sensing inhibition. Presences of substances having phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid and aldehyde/keton as functional groups were detected by TLC method of the extract but no active spot identified on bioautography.Quorum sensing adalah sistem komunikasi antar sel bakteri. Perkembangan biofilm diatur oleh quorum sensing. Biofilm dapat melindungi bakteri dari kerusakan akibat antibiotik sehingga konsentrasi antibiotik harus ditingkatkan 100 sampai 1000 kali lipat. Penghambatan quorum sensing diharapkan dapat mencegah pembentukan biofilm. Kulit kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmanii Ness. Ex Bl.) memiliki aktivitas antibakteri dan antibiofilm. Ketersediaan daun yang melimpah menyebabkan dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui apakah daun kayu manis memiliki daya anti quorum sensing terhadap Pseudomona aeruginosa. Serbuk kering daun kayu manis dimaserasi bertingkat berturut-turut menggunakan n-heksana, etil asetat dan metanol. Setelah masing-masing ekstrak dievaporasi, daya antibakteri diamati dengan metode mikrodilusi menggunakan penambahan MTT. Ekstrak yang aktif diamati  daya anti quorum sensing nya dengan metode difusi pada cetrimide Agar.  Aktivitas antiquorum sensing ditunjukkan dengan daerah buram di bawah sinar UV 366 nm. KLT-bioautografi dilakukan untuk mengetahui senyawa yang aktif dalam fraksi tersebut dengan menggunakan fase diam silika gel F254, fase gerak kloroform-metanol  (6:1 v/v), loading sampel sebanyak 1,25 mg dan waktu kontak lempeng dengan medium selama 30 menit. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap P. aeruginosa dengan nilai KHM 8 mg/mL. Aktivitas penghambatan quorum sensing dan pertumbuhan ditunjukkan pada loading samples 12,5 dan 25 mg/sumuran, sedangkan pada 6,25 mg ekstrak hanya menunjukkan aktivitas penghambatan quorum sensing. Keberadaan senyawa yang memiliki gugus fungsi fenolik, flavonoid, alkaloid dan aldehid/keton terdeteksi dengan metode KLT tetapi tidak terdeteksi bercak aktif pada bioautografi

Sitotoksisitas Minyak Mesoyi (Cryptocarya massoy) terhadap Sel Vero (Cytotoxicity of Mesoyi Oil (Cryptocarya massoy) on Vero Cell Lines)

Mesoyi oil distilled from the bark of Cryptocarya massoy have been used for traditional treatment of various ethnicities. However, its safety use has not been widely studied. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of mesoyi oil on vero cells in vitro. The Inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of mesoyi oil is evaluated using MTT assay. The results indicated that the mesoyi oil exhibited cytotoxic effects on vero cells with IC50 value of 97.4 μg//mL. This call for further studies to evaluate the cytotoxic activity in vivo. Keywords: cytotoxicity, essential oil, cryptocarya massoy, vero cel

Phytochemical compounds and the effect of ‘bangunbangun’ leaves (Coleus amboinicus, L.) water extract on phagocytosis activity of neutrophil cell rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Traditional medicine has been recognized and widely used in Indonesia for healthy care or alternative medication in certain diseases. However, without scientific evidence, traditional medicine of empirical evidence cannot be used for modern health medication. This research was designed to find out the mains compound despite of Bangun-bangun aqueous extract from Kaliurang district using phytochemistry analysis such as Thin Layer Chromatography method and determine the effect on neutrophil cell activities by observing their phagocytosis. The result showed that the main compounds of Bangun-bangun leaves from Kaliurang district are polyphenol, saponin, flavonol glycoside and essential oil. Administration of the extract with the doses of Bangun-bangun leaves treatment 19,0 g/kg bw/oral/day (group A) and 31,5 g/kg bw/oral/day (group B) increased neutrophil cell phagocytosis up to 50% and 60 %, respectively, compared to those of controls which is 10% during 30 days treatment. Neutrophil cell phagocytosis in group B and C capability increase up to 80% (