Recent improvement of fish populations in the Jarfjord Mountains in northern Norway due to reduced surface water acidification

Appendix 10/15 of the publication "State of the environment in the Norwegian, Finnish and Russian border area 2007" (The Finnish Environment 6/2007)

Expanding knowledge base for photovoltaic systems’ integration by contributing to the development of an experimental testing method for evaluation of their performance as climate screens

Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is a vital element of zero energy or zero emission buildings (ZEB). BIPV systems are integrated into the building envelope and generate electricity on-site during the expected service lifetime of a system of around 25-30 years. The primary function of a BIPV system is seen as electricity production. Hence, factors that affect it are usually in focus when systems are evaluated and monitored after installation. While its function as a building envelope component is usually not appropriately evaluated, neither before nor after installation. One of the main functions of building envelope components is weather protection of inner building structures. A significant impact of precipitation on the building envelope is represented by WDR (wind-driven rain), a simultaneous occurrence of wind and rain. Most wind-driven rain testing is done for façade systems, wall-windows, and wall-doors, while much less is published on WDR testing for roof systems. Furthermore, BIPV systems are barely studied as climate screens. Watertightness of BIPV systems can be evaluated using WDR exposure testing. Water leakages that occur during testing should be quantified to provide valuable information in addition to the usual qualitative data. This thesis contributes to the research on WDR testing by investigating selected BIPV systems for roof integration with means of quantitative measurements. This thesis presents results from experimental testing of a water collection system for quantification of WDR intrusion and provides extensive information on the design and application of BIPV systems designed for roof integration. As a result, a framework is presented, which includes a step-by-step test methodology and a detailed description of the construction of the water collection system. This methodology was applied to three BIPV systems designed for roof integration: solar shingles system integrated along metal roof plates, solar roof tiles integrated along dummy roof tiles produced by the same manufacturer, and large glass-glass solar modules integrated along steel roof plates. The watertightness level was determined for all the tested systems. The systems can be ranked according to their watertightness level, i.e., the maximum level of air pressure applied simultaneously with water spray and runoff water when no water leakages occur on the tested system’s inner side

The interactions of abiotic and biotic factors influencing perch Perca fluviatilis and roach Rutilus rutilus populations in small acidified boreal lakes

Four small, acidified boreal lakes, all sustaining populations of perch Perca fluviatilis, roach Rutilus rutilus and pike Esox lucius, were studied in four successive years. Three lakes were moderately acidified (mean pH of 5·61–5·83), while the fourth was more acidic (mean pH of 5·16) and had a sparse population of R. rutilus. Perca fluviatilis density was higher in this lake (1004 ha−1) than in the other three (355–717 ha−1), where R. rutilus dominated in terms of numbers (981–2185 ha−1). Large, potentially predatory, P. fluviatilis were most abundant in the lake with clearest water, and these seemed to have a negative effect on P. fluviatilis density. Perca fluviatilis mean mass was negatively correlated with R. rutilus biomass and was highest in the most acidic lake with the sparse R. rutilus and the highest P. fluviatilis density. Perca fluviatilis mass correlated positively with pH in two lakes (with the highest fish biomass), suggesting that low pH affected P. fluviatilis mass negatively. Perca fluviatilis growth correlated positively with summer (July to August) air temperature in the lake with sparse R. rutilus, thus differing from P. fluviatilis and R. rutilus growth in the other three lakes. The mean age of P. fluviatilis was generally lower than that of R. rutilus and was lowest in the two lakes with the highest fish biomass, indicating that adult mortality was affected by density-induced factors

A long-term study of the impact of the invasive species Eurasian minnow Phoxinus phoxinus on brown trout Salmo trutta production in a high mountain lake, Southern Norway

The shallow Lake Skjerja was originally one of the most outstanding brown trout lakes on the Hardangervidda mountain plateau. During the period 1973–1985, the annual yield was on average 3.35 kg ha-1. In the mid-1980s, Eurasian minnow established a dense population in the lake. Since 1994, 5304 kg of Eurasian minnow have been removed with baited traps, which correspond to an annual mean catch of 177 kg year-1 or 1.12 kg ha-1. The competition for food, in addition to longer food chains, has had a strong negative impact on the brown trout production, with an annual yield reduced to 1.07 kg ha-1, or 32% of the historical catches (1973-1985). The total removed biomass of the two fish species correspond to 65% of the brown trout yield before the invasion of the Eurasian minnow. In Lake Skjerja, the two crustacean species Gammarus lacustris and Lepidurus arcticus, have historically been staple food items for brown trout. Fishing with baited traps on the minnows, and the presence of a large fraction of predatory brown trout, may have reduced the predation pressure on the two crustacean species, and they are still a part of the brown trout diet. The availability of fish as food has resulted in a significant increase in the presence of large individuals of brown trout with maximum weights above four kg. Despite reduced annual yield of brown trout, Lake Skjerja is still a popular fish destination with nearly 200 big-sized brown trout (mean annual weight 1065 grams) landed annually. On Hardangervidda, an increase in air temperature has been observed since the 1980s, with a corresponding change in water temperature which may benefit Eurasian minnow. In warm summers, water temperature approaches 14°C which has proved to be near to the upper thermal threshold for Lepidurus arcticus. Hardangervidda, climate change, brown trout yield, Eurasian minnow removalpublishedVersio

The winter food of the gobies from one of the deeper channels of the Belt Sea, with particular reference to the Sand Goby, Pomatoschistus minutus (Pallas)

The contents of the stomach and intestine of 272 gobies of five species, viz. Ciystallogobius linearis, Aphia minuta, Chaparrudo flavescens, Pomatoschistus microps, and Pomatoschistus minutus, collected with Beyer's 50 cm epibenthic closing net were studied. All proved to be principally carnivorous and crustaceans were the most important food organisms. Although Diastylis rathkei was the most frequently found crustacean of suitable size in the net samples, this cumacean was of minor importance as food for P. minutus, the most common goby in the material. This discrepancy is explained by the nature of the exo-skeletone of Diastylis. In night samples the number of P. minutus caught was much higher than in the hauls taken during day, a result which might be due to higher nocturnal activity in the goby, and/or the fish perceiving the approaching net on daylight and being able to escape. A day and night feeding activity is suggested

Diurnal and seasonal variations in the near-bottom fauna -the hyperbenthos- in one of the deeper channels of the Kieler Bucht (Western Baltic)

This work is based on 63 samples obtained by Beyer's 50 cm epibenthic closing net and 43 vertical hauls with a 70 cm Hensen-net from December 1969, and March, June and November 1970. The depth in the sampling locality, Vejsnäs Rinne, varied between 28 and 32 meters. Only abundant and particularly interesting species and animal groups have been treated here. Seasonal variations were studied in the cumacean Diastylis rathkei, some mysids, the euphausid Thysanoessa raschii, the decapod Crangon crangon, the chaetognath Sagitta elegans and in some fishes. During winter there are, relatively, a higher number of species (including some rare ones), as well as of individuals. This may partly be ascribed to a stronger inflow of water from the Kattegat in winter, and partly to seasonal horizontal migrations in the animals. It is furthermore apparent that by the present sampling method a larger fraction of the more vagile near-bottom fauna is collected than by more conventional sampling techniques. The diurnal variations in the hyperbenthos were studied in benthic as well as some pelagic groups of animals. Based on the results, it is possible to recognise at least three main patterns of vertical migrations in the hyperbenthos: A. The relatively few pelagic animals found stay just above the bottom during the day. They leavethe region sampled by the epibenthic closing net (i.e. from the bottom to about 80 cm above it) about sunset and stay away until the next morning when they reappear at this level. B. Some of the benthic animals at certain seasons or developmental stages are sparsely represented in the epibenthic closing net samples during day. The catches are increased at dusk, but decrease again later in the evening. In the morning the animals appear once more in the hyperbenthos, only to disappear again after sunrise. The reduced number collected around midnight is either due to midnight sinking, i.e. the animals burrow in the sediment and thus avoid the epibenthic net, or the animals ascend above the level sampled by the net. This last pattern is particularly found in juveniles and in gravid females. C. The majority of the migrating benthic species seem to come sufficiently far off the bottom to be caught in higher numbers in the epibenthic closing net during the dark hours. They are often considerably less numerous throughout the day. The value to an animal of performing diurnal vertical migration has been briefly discussed. It seems possible that some of the more important demersal fishes in the area are able to exploit the migrating animals as food, particularly at dawn and dusk

Distribution of non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis ) across Norwegian waterbodies – is it an invasive species?

Non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis MITCHILL, 1815) was introduced into Norway in 1883. However, it was not until the late 1970s that this acid-tolerant salmonid species was stocked into many acidified lakes that many populations became established. In 2004, all brook trout stocking in Norway ceased. In this study, we surveyed the distribution of brook trout in Norwegian water bodies. A totally of 202 self-sustaining populations were identified, mostly in unregulated lakes (n=101), streams (n=71) and also to some extent in reservoirs (n=25). Only four populations were found in inland rivers, and one population in a river with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Localities with brook trout covered a wide range of altitudes and sizes. Analyses of time-series catches in sympatric populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and brook trout from 12 lakes (1997-2012) revealed a strong decline in brook trout stocks. A similar development in abundance has also emerged from other studies in recent years. Generally, lake-dwelling brook trout is regarded as a low-risk species with respect to invasiveness. However, brook trout/brown trout interactions may be habitat-specific, as brook trout may dominate in small and relatively cold streams.publishedVersio

To what extent and in what way are the students cultural capital recognized and visible in school?

Mastergradsoppgave i tilpasset opplæring, Avdeling for lærerutdanning og naturvitenskap, Høgskolen i Hedmark, 2014.Norsk: Denne masteravhandlingen omhandler synliggjøring av kulturelt mangfold i klasserommet. Med utgangspunkt i Pierre Bourdieus begrep kulturell kapital og Axel Honneths anerkjennelsesteori drøftes det hvorvidt språklige og kulturelle minoriteter anerkjennes eller krenkes innen kjærlighetssfæren, den rettslige og den solidariske sfæren, og hvordan dette kommer til syne i klasserommet. Problemstillingen for prosjektet er I hvilken grad og på hvilken måte anerkjennes og synliggjøres elevenes kulturelle kapital i skolen? De kvalitative metodene som jeg benytter i undersøkelsen min er klasseromsobservasjon, halvformelle samtaler og semistrukturert intervju. Jeg har en etnografisk design på masteravhandlingen og datamaterialet tolkes og analyseres i lys av dette. Mine empiriske funn viser mange eksempler på at elevene opplever at deres individuelle, språklige og kulturelle kompetanse anerkjennes i alle sfærene. De tre sfærene står innbyrdes i forhold til hverandre og jeg har sett at det synes som om lærers relasjonelle kompetanse og anerkjennelse i kjærlighetssfæren får positive ringvirkninger for den solidariske sfæren. Videre kan krenkelse i den rettslige sfæren i forhold til deltagelse på segregerte tilbud synes som anerkjennelse i den solidariske sfæren i forhold til å nyttiggjøre seg en samlet språkkompetanse.English: This thesis deals with the promotion of cultural diversity in the classroom. Based on Pierre Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital and Axel Honneth's theory of recognition, it is discussed whether the language and cultural minorities are recognized or violated in the love sphere, the legal and the solidarity sphere, and how this appears in the classroom. The problem addressed in this project is To what extent and in what way are the students cultural capital recognized and visible in school? The qualitative methods that I use in my research are classroom observation, semi-formal conversations and semi-structured interviews. I have an ethnographic design of the thesis and the data are interpreted and analyzed in this light. My empirical findings show many examples of students find that their individual, language and cultural skills are recognized in all spheres. The three spheres are interconnected and I've seen that it seems the teacher's relational competence and recognition in the love sphere can have positive consequences for the solidarity sphere. Furthermore infringement in the legal sphere in relation to participation in segregated settings appears as recognition in the solidarity sphere relative to utilize overall language skills

Organisering og samarbeid i byggeprosjekter

Denne oppgaven har tatt for seg problemstillingen hvordan Forsvarsbygg ivaretar brukerens behov. Forsvaret i Østerdal garnison har siden 2007 jobbet med å identifisere og fremme det fremtidige behovet for forlegning til vervede soldater og befal. I denne sammenhengen har det vært gjennomført fem byggetrinn for å møte dette behovet. Forsvarsbygg, som Forsvarets eiendomsaktør, har ledet arbeidet med prosjektering og bygging av disse og må derfor forholde seg til Forsvarets (brukeren) behov for bygningsmasse. Oppgaven fokuserer på hvordan Forsvarsbygg organiserer sine byggeprosjekter, og hvordan brukerens behov kommer til syne i disse. Dette er gjort gjennom å undersøke de generelle retningslinjer for fremming av behov, samt å visualisere disse i en case. Datainnhenting er gjennomført ved kvalitativ metode – intervju av respondenter i de to undesøkelsesenhetene Forsvaret og Forsvarsbygg