Working group written presentation: Trapped radiation effects

The results of the Trapped Radiation Effects Panel for the Space Environmental Effects on Materials Workshop are presented. The needs of the space community for new data regarding effects of the space environment on materials, including electronics are listed. A series of questions asked of each of the panels at the workshop are addressed. Areas of research which should be pursued to satisfy the requirements for better knowledge of the environment and better understanding of the effects of the energetic charged particle environment on new materials and advanced electronics technology are suggested

Identification of Immunoreactive Material in Mammoth Fossils

The fossil record represents a history of life on this planet. Attempts to obtain molecular information from this record by analysis of nucleic acids found within fossils of extreme age have been unsuccessful or called into question. However, previous studies have demonstrated the long-term persistence of peptides within fossils and have used antibodies to extant proteins to demonstrate antigenic material. In this study we address two questions: Do immunogenic/antigenic materials persist in fossils? and; Can fossil material be used to raise antibodies that will cross-react with extant proteins? We have used material extracted from a well-preserved 100,000-300,000-year-old mammoth skull to produce antisera. The specificity of the antisera was tested by ELISA, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. It was demonstrated that antisera reacted specifically with the fossils and no the surrounding sediments. Reactivity of antisera with modern proteins and tissues was also demonstrated, as was the ability to detect evolutionary relationships via antibody-antigen interactions. Mass spectrometry demonstrated the response of amino acids and specific peptides within the fossil. Peptides were purified by anion-exchange chromatography and sequenced by tandem mass spectrometry. The collagen-derived peptides may have been the source of at least some of the immunologic reactivity, but the antisera identified molecules that were not observed by mass spectrometry, indicating that immunologic methods may have greater sensitivity. Although the presence of peptides and amino acids was demonstrated, the exact nature of the antigenic material was not fully clarified. This report demonstrated that antibodies may be used to obtain information from the fossil record

Native Language Adaptation to Novel Verb Argument Structures by Spanish-English Bilinguals: An Electrophysiological Investigation

Bilinguals have to learn two different grammatical systems. Some aspects of these grammars may be similar across the two languages (for example, the active-passive alternation) while others may exist in only one of the two grammars (for example, the distinction between recent and distant past). This dissertation investigates the degree to which grammar information specific to only one language is available when processing the other language. In particular, the current study focuses on the application of grammatical structures from the bilinguals’ second-learned language to their first-learned language, a direction of language transfer not often investigated. Based on a Shared Syntax Model of bilingual language representation (Hartsuiker, Pickering, & Veltkamp, 2004), we propose that verb argument structure information associated with verbs in the second language can become associated with the verbs’ translation equivalents in the first language. Two groups of Spanish-English bilinguals were included: Early Bilinguals were those who learned Spanish first and learned English by age 9 years while Late Bilinguals were those who learned Spanish first and learned English at age 10 years or later. Electrophysiological data was collected in addition to acceptability judgments while participants listened to sentences in Spanish in order to observe whether sentence processing was influenced by second-language knowledge in real-time. Critical Spanish sentences were those that mimic the Causative construction in English (e.g., The rider jumped the horse over the bushes was translated to El jinete brincó al caballo encima de los arbustos), which is not an allowable argument structure configuration for controlled motion verbs in Spanish. Elicited responses from the critical sentences were compared to grammatical control sentences (Transitives) and ungrammatical control sentences (Pseudo-causatives) to determine whether Spanish-English bilinguals are able to use their knowledge of English grammar to interpret Spanish sentences that mimic English Causatives. Both Early and Late Bilinguals rated Causative sentences higher than ungrammatical control sentences. The Event-Related Potential (ERP) data revealed that Early Bilinguals produced an N400 followed by a P600 for the ungrammatical control sentences but not for the Causative, which showed a Left Anterior Negativity at an earlier time window but otherwise patterned with grammatical control sentences. Late bilinguals showed a Left Anterior Negativity for the ungrammatical control sentences but not for Causative sentences, which again patterned with grammatical control sentences. In sum, Spanish-English bilinguals showed none of the ERP components for Causative sentences that were found for the ungrammatical control sentences, and only Early Bilinguals exhibited an earlier Left Anterior Negativity, which may indicate the detection of multiple possible argument structures associated with controlled motion verbs or a re-arrangement of thematic roles assigned by the verb at the detection of a Causative argument structure. The fact that the Causative sentences showed ERP patterns similar to grammatical control sentences provides evidence that highly proficient Spanish-English bilinguals can interpret ungrammatical Spanish sentences that are grammatical in English. The absence of any ERP patterns associated with grammaticality violations for the Causative sentences suggests that the bilinguals are not simply “borrowing” the construction from English while listening to sentences in Spanish but rather that the Causative argument structure has become associated with controlled motion verbs in Spanish, facilitating fast application of this construction when comprehending Causative sentences in Spanish. This is the first study, to our knowledge, that shows transfer of second-language syntactic information to first-language syntactic processing in highly proficient bilinguals using an online measure of language processing in the brain (ERPs)

Possible capture of the Mississippi by the Atchafalaya River

August 1983.Submitted to the Water Resources Planning Fellowship Steering Committee, Colorado State University, in fulfillment of requirements for AE 695V Special Study.Bibliography: pages 71-73

Chemistry and the 19th-century American pharmacist

A historical account of the development of American pharmacy in the 19th century is presented. An examn. of the American pharmacy literature of the 1800s showed a vast no. of notes and articles on a broad range of scientific subjects. Chem. was a favorite topic of pharmacy writers and back-of-the-shop investigators

Interview with Phil Samuell

Phil Samuell talks about the development of the Kokosing Gap Trailhttps://digital.kenyon.edu/ps_interviews/1015/thumbnail.jp

Interview with Troy Cooper

Troy Cooper talks about his job as the Extension Educator.https://digital.kenyon.edu/ps_interviews/1017/thumbnail.jp