Un risque intrinsèque : l'omniprésence du design dans les principaux modèles productifs du capitalisme moderne

International audienceUne exploration du design située au cœur des principaux modèles productifs montre à travers le récit de F.W. Taylor, de H. Ford et de T. Ohno que le design occupe un rôle stratégique majeur dans le développement, l'essor de ces modèles et l'impact transformationnel qu'ils ont eu sur l'économie. Et que loin d'être circonscrit au produit, le design s'inscrit dans une démarche totale qui va de l'atelier de production à l'outil de travail en passant par le service. A partir de là, il faut considérer différemment le design au sein des entreprises à l'aune du risque intrinsèque que représente son caractère omniprésent au sein des organisations

Influence of feeding Mediterranean food industry by-products and forages to Awassi sheep on physicochemical properties of milk, yoghurt and cheese

Feeding agro-industrial by-products and unconventional forages, rich in potentially anti-nutritional factors, may influence the quality of the raw milk and the dairy products prepared therefrom. The aim of the present study was to determine side-effects on physicochemical properties of milk, yoghurt and cheese of feeding diets where one third were feeds either rich in lipids (tomato pomace and olive cake) or phenols (olive leaves and lentil straw) or electrolytes (Atriplex leaves). The diets, including a control diet, were designed to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. They were fed in amounts of 2 5 kg dry matter/day per head during 50 days to 6×10 multiparous fat-tailed Awassi ewes. Milk samples were analysed for various physicochemical traits and fatty acid composition on days 0, 24, 36 and 48. Three times, milk pooled by group was processed to yoghurt and non-aged farmer-type cheese, which were analysed for their gross and fatty acid composition and texture, and were subjected to sensory evaluation. Feeding olive cake and tomato pomace reduced milk casein, but increased proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids. There were some variations in minerals among test diets but, contrary to expectations, Atriplex did not increase milk sodium. The nutritional composition of yoghurt and cheese was not varied much by the test feeds, except for some changes in fatty acid profile similar to the milk. Yoghurt firmness declined with all test diets, but texture score tended to be lower only for olive cake and leaf diets relative to control. Cheese firmness was increased by feeding the Atriplex leaf and olive cake diets which was also reflected in the texture scores. No off-flavours were reported. Possible reasons for effects on the dairy products are discussed. In conclusion, the feeds investigated had certain effects on the physicochemical properties of dairy products, but these were neither very systematic nor large thus not prohibiting their use in Mediterranean sheep milk production system

Impact des activités anthropiques sur la qualité des eaux souterraines de la communauté Mzamza (Chaouia, Maroc)

L’étude des caractéristiques physico-chimiques des eaux souterraines de la communauté Mzamza, soumises aux rejets liquides de la ville de Settat à partir de l’oued Boummoussa, montre que la qualité des eaux des différents puits est variable et dépend d’un certain nombre de facteurs tels que l’emplacement des puits par rapport aux eaux usées et l’activité agricole. L’interprétation des données d’analyse, la corrélation existante entre eaux usées et eaux de puits, et la répartition des eaux souterraines en groupes sont réalisées en utilisant l’Analyse en Composante Principale Normée. L’étude a révélé des origines différentes de la contamination des eaux souterraines, à savoir, la contamination par la matière organique due essentiellement à l’utilisation des eaux usées à des fins d’irrigation et à leur infiltration continue, et finalement le retour des eaux d’irrigation (chargées en engrais azotés) qui est considéré comme étant la principale origine de la minéralisation et de la pollution des eaux.Plusieurs facteurs conditionnent la progression de cette pollution : les concentrations des polluants dans les eaux usées, la nature des sols, la lithologie, la perméabilité de l’aquifère exploité et la profondeur de la nappe.Les résultats acquis dans cette étude font ressortir également l’influence primordiale des variations saisonnières, ainsi que le rôle bénéfique des précipitations.The study of the physical-chemical characteristics of groundwater of the Mzamza community, subjected to domestic and industrial wastes from Settat City (Morocco) via the Boummoussa river, shows that the quality of water of the various wells is variable and depends on a certain number of factors such as the location of the wells in relation to waste water and agricultural activity. The interpretation of analyzed data, the correlation between waste water and well water, and the distribution of groundwater sites into groups was carried out using Normalized Principal Components Analysis. The study revealed several sources of groundwater contamination, namely, the contamination by organic matter due primarily to the infiltration of waste waters used for irrigation, and the return of irrigation water (loaded with nitrate fertilizers), which is regarded as being the principal source of dissolved solids and inorganic nitrogen in the groundwater. Several factors influence the progression of this pollution: the concentrations of the pollutants in the waste waters, the nature of the soil, the lithology, the permeability of the aquifer in use and the depth of the water table. The results achieved in this study also revealed the paramount influence of seasonal variability and the beneficial role of atmospheric precipitation

Laser-fired contact optimization in c-Si solar cells

In this work we study the optimization of laser-fired contact (LFC) processing parameters, namely laser power and number of pulses, based on the electrical resistance measurement of an aluminum single LFC point. LFC process has been made through four passivation layers that are typically used in c-Si and mc-Si solar cell fabrication: thermally grown silicon oxide (SiO2), deposited phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiCx/H(n)), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and silicon nitride (SiNx/H) films. Values for the LFC resistance normalized by the laser spot area in the range of 0.65–3 mΩ cm2 have been obtaine

Оценка надежности высоконадежных систем с учетом ЗИП

Предложены приближенные верхние и нижние оценки коэффициента готовности высоконадежной восстанавливаемой системы со структурной избыточностью. Полученные расчетные соотношения могут использоваться для оценки надежности высоконадежных систем с учетом различных стратегий пополнения ЗИП

The Qur’ān before the book - History and concepts of Qur’ānic variants (qirā’āt)

أهداف البحث: يتناول هذا البحث مسائل منهجية تتعلق بمفهوم "القراءات القرآنية"، وندرس فيه طريقة الحديث عن القراءات في النصوص الإسلامية الأولى، وفي مجال علوم القرآن، وأيضا الطريقة التي نظرت بها الدراسات القرآنية الغربية إلى القراءات في العقدين الأخيرين.  منهج الدراسة: يدرس البحث التطور التاريخي لمفهوم القراءات القرآنية في المجالات الثلاثة المذكورة آنفا: النصوص الإسلامية الأولى ودراسات علوم القرآن الإسلامية القديمة والدراسات القرآنية الغربية الحديثة والمعاصرة.  النتائج: يبين البحث ضرورة تقديم مقاربة جديدة لتاريخ القرآن والمفاهيم الرئيسية في هذا التاريخ، موضحًا أنه قد حان الوقت لكي تجدد الدراسات القرآنية الغربية أدواتها الإبستيمولوجية في دراستها تاريخ النص القرآني.  أصالة البحث: يتناول البحث مسائل إبستيمولوجية متعلقة بالدراسات القرآنية الغربية، في محاولة لتقييم وجوه التقدم الحاصلة في هذا المجال وطرح منظور جديد لتناول موضوع بعينه؛ ألا وهو: القراءات القرآنية.Purpose: This paper addresses methodological issues related to the concept of ‘Qur’ānic variants and readings’ (qirā’a pl. qirā’āt and ḥarf pl. aḥruf, respectively). I investigate the way they have been depicted in early Islamic narratives, developed in the field of medieval Islamic Qur’ānic sciences (ʿulūm al-Qur’ān), and discussed in Western Qur’ānic studies scholarship in the last two decades. Methodology: The paper proceeds chronologically by discussing variants in the three aforementioned fields: early narratives, classical Islamic Qur’ānic sciences (ʿulūm al-Qur’ān), and modern Western scholarship. Findings: The paper shows the necessity of generating a new approach to studying the history of the Qur’ān and its main concepts. The epistemological tools used in Western Qur’ānic studies on the history of the text of the Qur’ān need to be renewed. Originality: The paper addresses epistemological issues related to Western Qur’ānic studies. It seeks to assess the progress in the field and offers a new perspective on the study of specific topics: Qur’ānic variants and readings

Muhammadiyah’s Fatwa about Hewan Kurban in 2005: A Study on Muhammadiyah’s Method in Producing Fatwa

The Majelis Tarjih of Muhammadiyah had issued a fatwa about hewan kurban (slaughtered animal for ‛Id al-Adha) in 2005. The fatwa asked Muslims to prioritize their money to support and aid sufferers of natural disaster in in Aceh and other places. The fatwa is controversial, because it produces new form of ‛Idul Adha. This article aims to explore the method used by the Majelis Tarjih in issuing the fatwa