Explicitation and implicitation of Dutch and German nominal compounds in translated fiction and non-fiction

Explicitation and implicitation are two translatological concepts that translation researchers have been investigating ever since their first mention by Vinay/Darbelnet (1958/1977), but especially after Blum-Kulka (1986) formulated her explicitation hypothesis and introduced corpus-based research in translation studies. Research got a further impetus when Baker (1993) embarked upon the search for possible translation universals and Klaudy/Károly (2005) postulated the asymmetry hypothesis, which was adapted by Becher (2010). The numerous studies on explicitation and implicitation are, however, difficult to compare, primarily because explicitation and implicitation have been interpreted differently, not rarely intuitively, by many translation researchers (cf. Becher 2010, Murtisari 2013). This is due to the fact that the concept explicitness, which underlies explicitation and implicitation, has never been satisfactorily defined in translation studies (Murtisari 2014). It is therefore the aim of this dissertation to first and foremost define explicitness, and this from a relevance-theoretic perspective. Based on Gutt (2000) and his followers in the relevance-theoretic approach to translation studies (cf. Alvez/Conçalves 2010, Murtisari 2013), it is believed to be meaningful and promising to consider explicitness, and by extension explicitation and implicitation, from a relevance-theoretic point of view. But the dissertation seeks to go beyond theorising by bringing the definitions of explicitation and implicitation into practice in a corpus-based study for the language pair Dutch-German, which has hardly been investigated in this respect (cf. Van de Velde 2011). Focus of the study is nominal compounding, a very productive word formation category in Dutch and German, but said to be often realized differently in these closely related languages: Where German prefers a compound, Dutch sometimes opts for an alternative construction (Hüning/Schlücker 2010, Schlücker 2012), which in turn may lead to shifts in meaning. Four different variables will be considered: translation direction, text type, information distribution and translator. Alves, F., & Gonçalves, J. L. (2010). Relevance and translation. In Y. Gambier & L. van Doorslaer (Eds.), Handbook of Translation Studies (Vol. 1, pp. 279-284). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Baker, M. (1993). Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies: Implications and Applications. In M. Baker, G. Francis & E. Tognini-Bonelli (Eds.), Text and Technology. In honour of John Sinclair. (pp. 233-250). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Becher, V. (2010). Abandoning the Notion of 'Translation-Inherent' Explicitation: Against a Dogma of Translation Studies. Across Languages and Cultures, 11(1), 28. Blum-Kulka, S. (1986). Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation. In J. House & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.), Interlingual and intercultural communication (pp. 17-35). Tübingen: Günter Narr Verlag. Gutt, E.-A. (2000). Relevance and Translation. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Hüning, M., & Schlücker, B. (2010). Konvergenz und Divergenz in der Wortbildung - Komposition im Niederländischen und im Deutschen. In A. Dammel, S. Kürschner & D. Nübling (Eds.), Kontrastive Germanistische Linguistik (pp. 783-825). Hildesheim/Zürich/ New York: Georg Olms Verlag. Klaudy, K., & Károly, K. (2005). Implicitation in translation: Empirical evidence for operational asymmetry in translation. Across Languages and Cultures, 6(1), 13-28. Murtisari, E. T. (2013). A Relevance-based Framework for Explicitation and Implicitation in Translation. An Alternative Typology. trans-kom, 6(2), 315-344. Murtisari, E. T. (2014). Response to Becher's Two Papers on the Explicitation Hypothesis. trans-kom, 7(2), 272-281. Schlücker, B. (2012). Die deutsche Kompositionsfreudigkeit. Übersicht und Einführung. In L. Gaeta & B. Schlücker (Eds.), Das Deutsche als kompositionsfreudige Sprache (pp. 1-25). Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter. Van de Velde, M. (2011). Explizierung und Implizierung im Übersetzungspaar Deutsch-Niederländisch. Eine quantitative Untersuchung. In P. A. Schmitt, S. Herold & A. Weilandt (Eds.), Translationsforschung (pp. 865-884). Leipzig: Peter Lang. Vinay, J.-P., & Darbelnet, J. (1977). Stylistique comparée du Français et de l'Anglais (2 ed.). Paris: Didier

Unusually small sex differentials in mortality of Israeli Jews: What does the structure of causes of death tell us?

Since the establishment of Israel sex differentials in life expectancy at birth exhibited by Israeli Jews have been very low in comparison to other developed countries as a result of relatively high male and relatively low female life expectancy. To advance understanding of this phenomenon this paper explores cause-specific contributions to the difference in life expectancy between Israeli Jews and Western countries, for each sex, and to sex differentials in mortality in both populations. We quantify the major types of behaviourally induced mortality to show that it is especially low among Israeli Jewish males. We also investigate mortality in certain subgroups of Israeli Jews to gain a better understanding of female mortality in this population.Israel, Jews, migration, mortality, sex differentials

An editorial on plagiarism

In January this year, we were confronted with a case of plagiarism. One paper that had been submitted last year by a certain person turned out to be written by three other persons. It was presented by the three true authors at a conference in 2010, where they distributed copies of their paper. One of the reviewers of the paper informed us about that fact. We asked the three authors for a copy, which turned out to be identical with the submission, except for a few minor details. When confronted with these facts, the person who had submitted the paper was unable to give us a satisfactory explanation. This is a case of serious scientific misconduct. The editors and the publisher of Demographic Research cannot and will not accept any form of plagiarism. Nor will we accept any other form of misconduct in science, including fabrication, falsification, or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scientific community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research. With Long et al. ("Responding to possible plagiarism", Science 6 March 2009), we are of the opinion that the responsibility for research integrity ultimately lies in the hands of the scientific community: educators, students, authors, and those who provide peer reviews. Journal editors must take appropriate action and verify the originality of suspected manuscripts. The Office of Research Integrity provides useful guidelines (http://ori.dhhs.gov/). We have decided that any future submission to Demographic Research that lists the plagiarist as an author or co-author will be rejected automatically.

Water drop to metal and water drop to water drop corona discharges

ABSTRACT Water drop corona has been identified by many authors as a major cause of deterioration of silicone rubber high voltage insulation but at this stage there have been no thorough studies made of this phenomenon. In this paper fundamental observations are presented of electrical discharges from water drops, movement of drops, and drop coalescence in the presence of 50 Hz alternating electric fields. Measurements are made both with water drops on metal electrodes and with water drops on the surface of silicone rubber insulation. Comparisons are made of current pulses and atomic emission spectra from previous work by the authors on dry point-plane discharges to provide information about the main types of active species which may cause insulator surface degradation. Visual images of wet electrodes show how water drops can play a part in encouraging flashover. The first reproducible visual images of water drop corona at the triple junction of water air and rubber insulation are presented. The current measurements were captured with a digital oscilloscope sampling at 200 MHz. The time constant of the measuring circuitry was approximately 14 nanoseconds

Quantifying nuclear wide chromatin compaction by phasor analysis of histone Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) data.

The nanometer spacing between nucleosomes throughout global chromatin organisation modulates local DNA template access, and through continuous dynamic rearrangements, regulates genome function [1]. However, given that nucleosome packaging occurs on a spatial scale well below the diffraction limit, real time observation of chromatin structure in live cells by optical microscopy has proved technically difficult, despite recent advances in live cell super resolution imaging [2]. One alternative solution to quantify chromatin structure in a living cell at the level of nucleosome proximity is to measure and spatially map Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorescently labelled histones - the core protein of a nucleosome [3]. In recent work we established that the phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a robust method for the detection of histone FRET which can quantify nuclear wide chromatin compaction in the presence of cellular autofluorescence [4]. Here we share FLIM data recording histone FRET in live cells co-expressing H2B-eGFP and H2B-mCherry. The data was acquired in the frequency domain [5] and processed by the phasor approach to lifetime analysis [6]. The data can be valuable to researchers interested in using the histone FRET assay since it highlights the impact of cellular autofluorescence and acceptor-donor ratio on quantifying chromatin compaction. The data is related to the research article "Phasor histone FLIM-FRET microscopy quantifies spatiotemporal rearrangement of chromatin architecture during the DNA damage response" [4]

Fertility and union dissolution in Brazil: an example of multi-process modelling using the Demographic and Health Survey calendar data

This study examines the union and conception histories of Brazilian women aged 15-49 using the 1996 Demographic and Health Survey’s calendar data. The aim of the paper is twofold: firstly to explore the use of union histories in the DHS calendar data, which have not yet been used for union dynamics studies and secondly to secondly to analyse the relationship between union instability and fertility in Brazil which has been long understudied. Using the example of Brazil it investigates the potential strengths and biases of this data source. In particular it analyses the impact of union dissolution on fertility in Brazil using multiprocess event history analysis techniques as developed by Lillard (1993). This type of methodology has been widely used for the analyses of developed countries data. However, it has not been explored for developing countries mainly due to the lack of data. The paper will demonstrate the positive effect of union instability on fertility.aml, Brazil, calendar data, DHS, fertility, multiprocess model, union dissolution

Barrier Distributions as a Tool to Investigate Fusion and Fission

The recent availability of precisely measured fusion cross-sections has enabled the extraction of a representation of the distribution of barriers encountered during fusion. These representations, obtained from a variety of reactions, provide a direct observation of how the structure of the fusing nuclei changes the inter-nuclear potential landscape, thus affecting the fusion probability. Recent experiments showing the effects of static quadrupole and hexadecapole deformation, single-- and double-phonon states, transfer of nucleons between two nuclei, and high lying excited states are reviewed. The application of these concepts to the explanation of the anomalous fission-fragment anisotropies observed following reactions with actinides is discussed.Comment: 12 pages, To be published in the Proceedings of the NN 97 Conference, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, June 1997 (Nucl. Phys. A