Full diffeomorphism and Lorentz invariance in 4D N=1{\cal N}=1 superfield description of 6D SUGRA

We complete the four-dimensional ${\cal N}=1$ superfield description of six-dimensional supergravity. The missing ingredients in the previous works are the superfields that contain the sechsbein $e_4^{\;\;\underline{\nu}}$, $e_5^{\;\;\underline{\nu}}$, $e_\mu^{\;\;\underline{4}}$, $e_\mu^{\;\;\underline{5}}$ and the second gravitino. They are necessary to make the action invariant under the diffeomorphisms and the Lorentz transformations involving the extra dimensions. We find the corresponding superfield transformation laws, and show the invariance of the action under them. We also check that the resultant action reproduces the known superfield description of five-dimensional supergravity through the dimensional reduction.Comment: 45 pages, some comments adde

Maxwell Theory from Matrix Model

We present a scenario for deriving Maxwell theory from IIB matrix model. Four dimensional spacetime and theories on it relate different dimensional ones by applying appropriate limits of the backgrounds of matrix model. It is understood by looking at open strings bits as bi-local fields on the spacetime, which are decoupled from the bulk in the limits. The origin of electric-magnetic duality is also discussed in matrix model.Comment: Lattice 2000 (Gravity and Matrix Models), 4 page

Explosive lithium production in the classical nova V339 Del (Nova Delphini 2013)

The origin of lithium (Li) and its production process have long been an unsettled question in cosmology and astrophysics. Candidates environments of Li production events or sites suggested by previous studies include big bang nucleosynthesis, interactions of energetic cosmic rays with interstellar matter, evolved low mass stars, novae, and supernova explosions. Chemical evolution models and observed stellar Li abundances suggest that at least half of the present Li abundance may have been produced in red giants, asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, and novae. However, no direct evidence for the supply of Li from stellar objects to the Galactic medium has yet been found. Here we report on the detection of highly blue-shifted resonance lines of the singly ionized radioactive isotope of beryllium, $^{7}$Be, in the near ultraviolet (UV) spectra of the classical nova V339 Del (Nova Delphini 2013). Spectra were obtained 38 to 48 days after the explosion. $^{7}$Be decays to form $^{7}$Li within a short time (half-life 53.22 days). The spectroscopic detection of this fragile isotope implies that it has been created during the nova explosion via the reaction ^{3}\mbox{He}(\alpha,\gamma)^{7}\mbox{Be}, and supports the theoretical prediction that a significant amount of $^{7}$Li could be produced in classical nova explosions. This finding opens a new way to explore $^{7}$Li production in classical novae and provides a clue to the mystery of the Galactic evolution of lithium.Comment: 28 pages, 6 figures, published in Natur

Illustrating SUSY breaking effects on various inflation mechanisms

We consider the supersymmetry breaking effects on typical inflation models with different types of K\"ahler potential. The critical size of supersymmetry-breaking scale, above which the flatness of the inflaton potential is spoiled, drastically changes model by model. We present the universal description of such effects in terms of a field-dependent scaling factor by which gravity-mediated supersymmetry breaking terms are suppressed or enhanced, based on the conformal supergravity framework. Such a description would be useful when we estimate them in constructing supersymmetric models of particle cosmology.Comment: 20pages, 3 figures, v2: a reference added, v3: Appendix B adde

Extended Euclidean Algorithm and CRT Algorithm

In this article we formalize some number theoretical algorithms, Euclidean Algorithm and Extended Euclidean Algorithm [9]. Besides the a gcd b, Extended Euclidean Algorithm can calculate a pair of two integers (x, y) that holds ax + by = a gcd b. In addition, we formalize an algorithm that can compute a solution of the Chinese remainder theorem by using Extended Euclidean Algorithm. Our aim is to support the implementation of number theoretic tools. Our formalization of those algorithms is based on the source code of the NZMATH, a number theory oriented calculation system developed by Tokyo Metropolitan University [8].This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI 21240001 and 22300285Okazaki Hiroyuki - Shinshu University, Nagano, JapanAoki Yosiki - Shinshu University, Nagano, JapanShidama Yasunari - Shinshu University, Nagano, JapanGrzegorz Bancerek. The fundamental properties of natural numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):41-46, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. The ordinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):91-96, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek and Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Segments of natural numbers and finite sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):107-114, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):55-65, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Functions from a set to a set. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):153-164, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Some basic properties of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):47-53, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. The sum and product of finite sequences of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(4):661-668, 1990.NZMATH development Group. http://tnt.math.se.tmu.ac.jp/nzmath/.Donald E. Knuth. Art of Computer Programming. Volume 2: Seminumerical Algorithms, 3rd Edition, Addison-Wesley Professional, 1997.Rafał Kwiatek and Grzegorz Zwara. The divisibility of integers and integer relative primes. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):829-832, 1990.Andrzej Trybulec. Tuples, projections and Cartesian products. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):97-105, 1990.Michał J. Trybulec. Integers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):501-505, 1990.Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):67-71, 1990

Size-dependent effect of gold nanospheres on the acoustic pressure pulses from laser-irradiated suspensions

We carried out the experimental measurements of photoacoustic responses, where the suspensions of spherical gold nanoparticles (NPs) of different diameters (20, 40, and 50 nm) in water at different concentrations and different temperatures (4 and 20 °C) were irradiated by 0.8-ns laser pulses. In the case of 20 °C, the values of photoacoustic signals normalized by the light absorbance of the NP suspension decreased with increasing the NP size. The photoacoustic signals at 4 °C were significantly reduced compared with those at 20 °C. These experimental results are in fair agreement with the estimations from our phenomenological model, where the acoustic pressure pulse is represented by a sum of two contributions from the NPs and the surrounding liquid medium

Acoustic pressure pulses from laser-irradiated suspensions containing gold nanospheres in water: Experimental and theoretical study

We present a physical model that describes the acoustic pressure pulses from diluted suspensions of metal nanospheres in a liquid medium irradiated by laser pulses. The experimental measurements of the photoacoustic signals are also reported, where the suspensions of 8-nm gold nanospheres in water at different concentrations and different temperatures were irradiated by 0.8-ns laser pulses. We mainly investigate how the nanosphere concentration and the suspension temperature influence the photoacoustic responses. The estimations from our model are found to be in good agreement with the results from the experiments

f-Electron-Nuclear Hyperfine-Coupled Multiplets in the Unconventional Charge Order Phase of Filled Skutterudite PrRu4P12

In the unconventional f-electron-associated charge order phase of filled skutterudite PrRu4P12, the low-temperature behaviors of the triplet crystalline-electric-field ground state of Pr ions have been studied by specific heat and magnetization measurements using high quality single crystals. Specific heat shows an anomalous Schottky-type peak structure at 0.30 K in zero field in spite of the absence of any symmetry breaking. Magnetization curve at 0.06 K shows a remarkable rounding below 1 T. It has been revealed that these anomalies provide compelling evidence for the formation of a lattice of Pr 4f-electron-nuclear hyperfine-coupled multiplets, the first known thermodynamical observation of its kind.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures; selected as "Papers of Editors' Choice