A Copernician revolution ? Impact of purges on the professional habitus of the Belgian and French "gendarmeries" (1944-1955)

Between 1940 and 1944, experiences of occupation appeared traumatizing for Belgian and French “gendarmeries”, confronted with difficult alternatives. They are daily obliged to make choices relating to policing, taking part in redefinition of their professional habitus : to obey, or not? To make investigations effective, or not ? To draw up a statement or not ? To arrest a required person, or not ? With Liberation, purges (legal, administrative or extra-legal) question theses choices. They classify them in national/unnational behaviours, and civic/uncivic ones. Consequently, they introduce concept of (il)legitimacy of those. In this way, it’s necessary to interrogate their impact in terms of practices and professional identities within these two institutions. Does fundamental questioning of gendarmic identity appear during these procedures? According to which chronology? Is this the same for officers and troops? Lastly, how is this influenced by national factors of occupation ? Based on purges archives, this contribution aims to cross exit of war History of two nearby institutions. Its goal is to determine if the Occupation/purges sequence represents a Copernician revolution for law-soldiers traditional values, and more largely, a “modernization” of this

Membership Invitation: American Social Science Association to Paul Laurence Dunbar

New York, Jan. 15, 1900 Dear Sir: By nomination of the Executive Council of the American Social Science Association and in recognition of distinction attained by you in Literature you are hereby invited to become a member of this Association. (signature) F. _____ RoofGeneral Secretary To Paul Laurence Dunbarhttps://ecommons.udayton.edu/ohc_dunbar/1601/thumbnail.jp

Too Good for Us? Evaluation, Court Practices and Civic (Re)Education of Young Belgian Collaborators after World War II

Since their creation in 1912, Belgian juvenile courts dealt every year with thousands of young people who committed an offence, or whose behaviour was perceived as threatening for themselves or for the whole society. If the judges had to establish the relevance of the facts when pronouncing a measure, their decisions were mainly inspired by the results of the social inquiries of the probation officers or by the reports of medico pedagogical evaluation centres, where children could be preventively placed. It is well known that the great majority of these young offenders came from working-class families, evaluated by the social workers in terms of hygiene, morality, education. But in the immediate post-War period, Belgian authorities, juvenile courts and reform schools had to deal with cases and children of a very different nature: youth (quite frequently from middle-class or wealthy families) who collaborated with the German enemy during the occupation. This paper aims to explore the reaction of the Belgian juvenile justice system to the unique nature of this phenomenon, questioning the motivations and the ability of his actors to challenge some tensions, especially between the political and the social dimensions in the evaluation and treatment of these youth, but also between the strong demand of revenge from the population and the ambitions of the protectional model

The Architect. Building Courthouses and Prisons in Belgium from the Independence to the First Word War

Présentation du métier d'architecte (en particulier, des prisons et des palais de justice) en Belgique de l'Indépendance à la Première Guerre mondiale

Problems in Serializing Figures of Penal Prosecution

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