An Analytical Study for Subsonic Oblique Wing Transport Concept

The oblique wing concept has been investigated for subsonic transport application for a cruise Mach number of 0.95. Three different mission applications were considered and the concept analyzed against the selected mission requirements. Configuration studies determined the best area of applicability to be a commercial passenger transport mission. The critical parameter for the oblique wing concept was found to be aspect ratio which was limited to a value of 6.0 due to aeroelastic divergence. Comparison of the concept final configuration was made with fixed winged configurations designed to cruise at Mach 0.85 and 0.95. The crossover Mach number for the oblique wing concept was found to be Mach 0.91 for takeoff gross weight and direct operating cost. Benefits include reduced takeoff distance, installed thrust and mission block fuel and improved community noise characteristics. The variable geometry feature enables the final configuration to increase range by 10% at Mach 0.712 and to increase endurance by as much as 44%

Release of NO(x) from sunlight-irradiated midlatitude snow

Photochemical production and release of gas-phase NO(x) (NO + NO2) from the natural snowpack at a remote site in northern Michigan were investigated during the Snow Nitrogen and Oxidants in Winter study in January 1999. Snow was collected in an open 34 L chamber, which was then sealed with a transparent Teflon cover and used as an outdoor flow and reaction chamber. Significant increases in NO(x) mixing ratio were observed in synthetic and ambient air pulled through the sunlit chamber. [NO(x)] enhancements were correlated to ultraviolet sunlight intensity, reaching ~300 pptv under partially overcast midday, mid-winter conditions. These findings are consistent with NO(x) production from photolysis of snowpack NO3 -; the observed NO(x) release implies production of significant amounts of OH within the snow. Snowpack NO3 - photolysis may therefore significantly alter boundary layer levels of both NO(x) and oxidized compounds over wide regions of the atmosphere

Evaluation of active control technology for short haul aircraft

An evaluation of the economics of short-haul aircraft designed with active controls technology and low wing-loading to achieve short field performance with good ride quality is presented. Results indicate that for such a system incorporating gust load alleviation and augmented stability the direct operating cost is better than for aircraft without active controls

Significant enhancements of nitrogen oxides, black carbon, and ozone in the North Atlantic lower free troposphere resulting from North American boreal wildfires

Copyright © 2006 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.Extensive wildfires burned in northern North America during summer 2004, releasing large amounts of trace gases and aerosols into the atmosphere. Emissions from these wildfires frequently impacted the PICO-NARE station, a mountaintop site situated 6–15 days downwind from the fires in the Azores Islands. To assess the impacts of the boreal wildfire emissions on the levels of aerosol black carbon (BC), nitrogen oxides and O3 downwind from North America, we analyzed measurements of CO, BC, total reactive nitrogen oxides (NO y ), NO x (NO + NO2) and O3 made from June to September 2004 in combination with MOZART chemical transport model simulations. Long-range transport of boreal wildfire emissions resulted in large enhancements of CO, BC, NO y and NO x , with levels up to 250 ppbv, 665 ng mˉ³, 1100 pptv and 135 pptv, respectively. Enhancement ratios relative to CO were variable in the plumes sampled, most likely because of variations in wildfire emissions and removal processes during transport. Analyses of ΔBC/ΔCO, ΔNO y /ΔCO and ΔNO x /ΔCO ratios indicate that NO y and BC were on average efficiently exported in these plumes and suggest that decomposition of PAN to NO x was a significant source of NO x . High levels of NO x suggest continuing formation of O3 in these well-aged plumes. O3 levels were also significantly enhanced in the plumes, reaching up to 75 ppbv. Analysis of ΔO3/ΔCO ratios showed distinct behaviors of O3 in the plumes, which varied from significant to lower O3 production. We identify several potential reasons for the complex effects of boreal wildfire emissions on O3 and conclude that this behavior needs to be explored further in the future. These observations demonstrate that boreal wildfire emissions significantly contributed to the NO x and O3 budgets in the central North Atlantic lower free troposphere during summer 2004 and imply large-scale impacts on direct radiative forcing of the atmosphere and on tropospheric NO x and O3

North American Boreal Wildfire and Anthropogenic Emissin Impacts in the Lower Free Troposphere over the North Atlantic Region: observations at the PICO-NARE station

AGU Fall Meeting. San Francisco, California, 11-15 December 2006.We present analyses of CO, O3, nitrogen oxides (NOx and NOy) and aerosol black carbon (BC) measurements made in the lower free troposphere (FT) over the North Atlantic region during summers 2004 (ICARTT period) and 2005

Photochemical evolution of continental outflow to Pico Mountain (Azores): Integrating observations with CTM simulations in lowerFT outflow.

Workshop on Integrated Observations for Assessing Hemispheric Transport. Geneva, Switzerland, 24-26 January 2007.An analysis of the consistency of lower-FT observations with chemical transport model (CTM) simulations in aged U.S. export

Large-scale impacts of anthropogenic and boreal fire emissions apparent in multi-year free tropospheric observations in the Azores.

Gordon conference - Atmospheric Chemistry. Big Sky, Montana, September 4-9 2005.Pico Mountain in the Azores Islands provides an ideal location for studies of the central N. Atlantic lower free troposphere. The PICO-NARE station has operated there since summer 2001. Here, we present key findings from summertime measurements, during 2001-2004. Main Findings: Anthropogenic and boreal wildfire emissions dominate variations in CO and have major impacts on O3, nitrogen oxides, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and black carbon

Impacts of anthropogenic and boreal fire emissions in the central North Atlantic lower free troposphere: summertime observations at the PICO-NARE observatory.

ICARTT 2004 Data Workshop. Durham, New Hampshire, August 9-12, 2005.We present measurements of CO, O3, aerosol Black Carbon (BC) made over the central North Atlantic lower Free Troposphere (FT) during the summers of 2001-2004 along with measurements of nitrogen oxides (NOx and NOy) made during the summer of 2004 (ICARTT period) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) made during the winter 2004-spring 2005

Power-Based Droop Control in DC Microgrids Enabling Seamless Disconnection From Upstream Grids

This paper proposes a local power-based droop controller for distributed energy resource converters in dc microgrids that are connected to upstream grids by grid-interface converters. During normal operation, the grid-interface converter imposes the microgrid bus voltage, and the proposed controller allows power flow regulation at distributed energy resource converters\u2019 output. On the other hand, during abnormal operation of the grid-interface converter (e.g., due to faults in the upstream grid), the proposed controller allows bus voltage regulation by droop control. Notably, the controller can autonomously convert from power flow control to droop control, without any need of bus voltage variation detection schemes or communication with other microgrid components, which enables seamless transitions between these two modes of operation. Considering distributed energy resource converters employing the power-based droop control, the operation modes of a single converter and of the whole microgrid are defined and investigated herein. The controller design is also introduced. Furthermore, the power sharing performance of this control approach is analyzed and compared with that of classical droop control. The experimental results from a laboratory-scale dc microgrid prototype are reported to show the final performances of the proposed power-based droop control