Portal-Drained Viscera, Hepatic and Lower Hindquarter Net Flux of Nitrogen and Energy Metabolites in Ruminants Fed Protein Supplements Containing Increasing Amounts of Bound Nitrogen and Structural Carbohydrates

Fifteen experiments were conducted on nine mature, nonlactating, nonpregnant ewes to compare distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to soybean meal (SBM) on both an energy and a protein basis. Ewes were equipped with chronic indwelling catheters in the caudal aorta and caudal vena cava, portal, hepatic and mesenteric veins. Ewes were assigned randomly to one of three isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets. Diets were corn cob based and balanced for energy with the addition of corn starch. Protein source for these diets was either SBM, DDGS or a combination of the two, mixed so that 50% of the protein was supplied by DDGS and the remaining 50% supplied by SBM (DDGS + SBM). Animals were fed once daily and consumed a minimum of 1.1 kg/d for a minimum of 10 days prior to blood collection periods. Paraaminohippurate (PAH) was infused into a mesenteric vein and 1 h was allowed for near equilibration. Subsequently, six samples were taken simultaneously from caudal aorta, caudal vena cava, hepatic and portal veins, at 30 min intervals. Following the sixth sample the infusion line was changed to the caudal aorta. A 15 min equilibration time was followed by three samples taken at 15 min intervals, simultaneously from the caudal vena cava and a jugular vein. These samples were used to calculate blood flows across the hindquarters. Samples underwent sameday analysis for glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), PAH (for blood flow), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) and acetoacetate (ACAC). Plasma was harvested and frozen for later analyses of VFA, ammonia nitrogen (AN), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and alpha-amino N. Portal drained viscera (PDV) values in kcal/d were similar across diets, indicating similar energy availability from each of the three diets. FFA arterial concentrations were elevated (P\u3c.01) when ewes received DDGS + SBM as a result of a 4 - 5 fold increase (P\u3c.01) in hindquarter release of FFA. No physiologically significant changes occurred with respect to either ACAC of BOHB. A decrease in the percentage of energy released into the portal blood in the form of VFA was noted in DDGS and DDGS + SBM vs. SBM. PDV release of AN was less (P\u3c.05) on DEDGS (8.7 un/h) than SBM (13.8 um/h), while DDGS + SBM was not significantly different than either treatment. Release of BUN into the portal blood was higher (P\u3c.1) on DDGS than SBM, however, liver uptake and calculated TSP release of BUN was similar across diets. Gut release of alpha-amino N was similar across treatments (SBM 8.4 um/h, DDGS 8.4 um/h, DDGS + SBM 13.2 um/h). Based on data reported in this study it seems that DDGS is at least equal to S BM as a protein supplement, in terms of energy and nitrogen release by the gut and subsequent hepatic and peripheral tissue metabolism

Alterations of energy metabolism in ruminants supplemented with lasalocid

Three trials were conducted to evaluate the alterations of energy metabolism in ruminants fed a forage or concentrate based diet supplemented with or without lasalocid. Trials 1 and 2 were designed in a 2 x 2 Latin Square using 4 post-weaned wethers (avg BW = 57 kg) in each trial. Trial 1 used a high forage diet made up of 75% alfalfa pellets and 25% rolled corn. Trial 2 used a high concentrate diet of 75% rolled corn and 25% alfalfa pellets. Wethers were equipped with indwelling catheters in the portal, hepatic, and mesenteric veins, caudal aorta and caudal vena cava. A series of 6, 12 ml samples were taken from femoral artery, hepatic, portal and femoral veins and whole blood was analyzed for PAH, acetoacetate (ACAC), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB), glucose and lactate. Plasma was analyzed for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and VFA. In Trial 1 splanchnic blood flow rates were decreased (P \u3c .01) by lasalocid, while peripheral blood flow was increased (P \u3c .01) . Lasalocid supplementation in Trial 1 increased (P \u3c .01) hepatic production of glucose and lactate by portal drained viscera (PDV). Production of BOHB by hepatic tissue in Trial 1 was lower (P \u3c .05) and animals supplemented with lasalocid had increased (P \u3c .01) PDV release of propionate. In Trial 2, portal blood flow was reduced (P \u3c .01) in animals supplemented with lasalocid. Glucose release by the liver was similar between treatments in Trial 2 despite increased (P \u3c .05) PDV release in wethers fed Lasalocid. Unlike Trial 1, wethers fed a high concentrate diet had decreased (P \u3c .01) PDV release of BOHB. Trial 3 was conducted using a rumen epithelial cell incubation technique. Five sheep were used, fed a high forage diet with or without supplemental lasalocid. Rumen epithelium was collected after slaughter and incubated in media containing acetate, propionate and butyrate. Acetoacetate, BOHB, lactate and pyruvate increased through 120 min in both treatments indicating continued cellular metabolism. No differences between treatments in any metabolite concentrations were detected. In these trials no evidence was observed to substantiate possible effects of ionophores on host cell metabolism

Pre-Conditioned Cattle Sales for Forage-Based Cow-Calf Management Systems

Demand for preconditioned feeder cattle continues to increase in the beef industry as value-based marketing and information flow expands indicating preconditioned forage-raised calves require less management, fewer losses due to illness and deaths, and increased profitability to both buyer and seller. The goal of a preconditioning program is to increase the value of weaned cattle (Bailey, 2002). The Northeast Texas Beef Improvement Organization (NET-BIO) is comprised of commercial cow/calf and stocker operators and various agribusinesses with the same interest. The objective of this study is to determine if prices received for preconditioned NETBIO stocker cattle increase the net income above preconditioning costs

Heritage Quay: What Will You Discover? Transforming the Archives of the University of Huddersfield, Yorkshire, UK

The Heritage Quay project is changing how archive services at the University of Huddersfield are delivered. This article examines how the Staff/Space/Collections dependency model and Customer Service Excellence framework have been used, and what lessons can be drawn for other archives

Teaching from the Web: Constructing a Library Learning Environment Where Connections can be Made

published or submitted for publicatio