State Of The State Of Teaching Public History

It has been almost fifteen years since the 1979 meeting in Montecito, California, that sparked the organization of the National Council on Public History (NCPH), an event that may be used to signal the birth of the "official" public history movement, so perhaps it is an appropriate time to reflect back on the nature of teaching public history over the years. That is not to say that no public history courses were taught before the late 1970s, for that is certainly not the case. Archival management programs and historical agency programs predate that time and produced many successful graduates. The earliest program of the 55 cited in A Guide to Graduate Programs in Public History (NCPH, 1990) dates from 1973, before the term "public history" was first used for the University of California Santa Barbara program.1 Beginning in the late 1970s, particularly at the University of California-Santa Barbara, more multi-purpose or generalist public history programs developed within academic history departments, almost always at public or large urban institutions with missions to serve taxpayers or local communities

Nannochloropsis oculata: a safe protein feed for growing rats and rabbits

2012 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.The challenge to replace fossil fuels as the primary source of energy has been a long and complicated task. In recent years, following a historic increase in crude oil (>$100/barrel in 2008) the focus has been shifted to the use of microalgae as a source of oil for biofuel. The utilization of algae over other biofuel sources is advantageous as algae require less water and land than traditional crops. Some microalgae species can produce upwards of 10,000 gallons of oil per acre and when compared to corn which can produce ~18 gallons of ethanol per acre, algae becomes quite interesting. The National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) in Golden, Colorado has been working diligently on utilizing algae as an energy source. In 2010, NREL explained that replacing all the gasoline in the U.S.A. with corn ethanol would require a corn field 1600 km2, while replacing all the gasoline in the U.S.A. with algae oil would (theoretically) take an area only 176 km2. One of the algae species that is being closely investigated as a source of oil is Nannochloropsis oculata, from the phylum Heterokontophyta. This algal species has oil content greater than 20$0.66/kg v. $0.69/kg). The algal meal could also be considered a potentially competitive source of energy compared to DDGs ($0.15/Mcal NEg v. $0.14/Mcal NEg). In summary, the utilization of oil-free algal meal from Nannochloropsis oculata can be considered a safe and possibly economic protein source for growing animals. In order to fully understand the potential of algal meal in livestock rations, more research needs to be conducted in metabolically different animals

Voices from the Back Stairs: Interpreting Servants\u27 Lives at Historic House Museums

Review of: "Voices From the Black Stairs: Interpreting Servants\u27 Lives at Historic House Museums," by Jennifer Pustz

Livestock trade networks for guiding animal health surveillance

BACKGROUND: Trade in live animals can contribute to the introduction of exotic diseases, the maintenance and spread endemic diseases. Annually millions of animals are moved across Europe for the purposes of breeding, fattening and slaughter. Data on the number of animals moved were obtained from the Directorate General Sanco (DG Sanco) for 2011. These were converted to livestock units to enable direct comparison across species and their movements were mapped, used to calculate the indegrees and outdegrees of 27 European countries and the density and transitivity of movements within Europe. This provided the opportunity to discuss surveillance of European livestock movement taking into account stopping points en-route. RESULTS: High density and transitivity of movement for registered equines, breeding and fattening cattle, breeding poultry and pigs for breeding, fattening and slaughter indicates that hazards have the potential to spread quickly within these populations. This is of concern to highly connected countries particularly those where imported animals constitute a large proportion of their national livestock populations, and have a high indegree. The transport of poultry (older than 72 hours) and unweaned animals would require more rest breaks than the movement of weaned animals, which may provide more opportunities for disease transmission. Transitivity is greatest for animals transported for breeding purposes with cattle, pigs and poultry having values of over 50%. CONCLUSIONS: This paper demonstrated that some species (pigs and poultry) are traded much more frequently and at a larger scale than species such as goats. Some countries are more vulnerable than others due to importing animals from many countries, having imported animals requiring rest-breaks and importing large proportions of their national herd or flock. Such knowledge about the vulnerability of different livestock systems related to trade movements can be used to inform the design of animal health surveillance systems to facilitate the trade in animals between European member states. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0354-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

Individual common variants exert weak effects on the risk for autism spectrum disorders.

While it is apparent that rare variation can play an important role in the genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), the contribution of common variation to the risk of developing ASD is less clear. To produce a more comprehensive picture, we report Stage 2 of the Autism Genome Project genome-wide association study, adding 1301 ASD families and bringing the total to 2705 families analysed (Stages 1 and 2). In addition to evaluating the association of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we also sought evidence that common variants, en masse, might affect the risk. Despite genotyping over a million SNPs covering the genome, no single SNP shows significant association with ASD or selected phenotypes at a genome-wide level. The SNP that achieves the smallest P-value from secondary analyses is rs1718101. It falls in CNTNAP2, a gene previously implicated in susceptibility for ASD. This SNP also shows modest association with age of word/phrase acquisition in ASD subjects, of interest because features of language development are also associated with other variation in CNTNAP2. In contrast, allele scores derived from the transmission of common alleles to Stage 1 cases significantly predict case status in the independent Stage 2 sample. Despite being significant, the variance explained by these allele scores was small (Vm< 1%). Based on results from individual SNPs and their en masse effect on risk, as inferred from the allele score results, it is reasonable to conclude that common variants affect the risk for ASD but their individual effects are modest

Exposure to Progressive Muscle Relaxation leads to Enhanced Performance on Derived Relational Responding Tasks.

Previous research has demonstrated that sleep significantly enhances the emergence of 2- but not 1-node derived relations following a 12-hour period. The present study investigated whether a highly truncated relaxation intervention in the form of an 11-minute Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) exercise would effect a similar enhancement in derived relational responding. Thirty-five participants were exposed to matching-to-sample training to establish stable baseline relations, from which 1- and 2-node equivalence relations were predicted. Participants were then randomly assigned to either a PMR group or one of two control groups; Simple or Conditional Discrimination task, followed by an equivalence test. Exposure to PMR resulted in significantly more accurate responses for both 1- and 2-node derived relations. The immediate and significant effects of the brief intervention on derived relational responding support the view that relaxation improves cognitive performance as indexed by the emergence of derived equivalence responding

A Reappraisal of Children’s ‘Potential’

What does it mean for a child to fulfil his or her potential? This article explores the contexts and implications of the much-used concept of potential in educational discourses. We claim that many of the popular, political and educational uses of the term in relation to childhood have a problematic blind spot: interpersonality, and the necessary coexistence for the concept to be receivable of all children’s ‘potentials’. Rather than advocating abandoning the term—a futile gesture given its emotive force—we argue that the concept of children’s potential must be profoundly rethought to be workable as a philosophical notion in education. In an era marked by the unspoken assumption that ‘unlimited potential’ is always a good thing, we argue that it might be necessary to think about the limitations of the notion of individual potential; namely, the moment when it comes into contact with other people’s projects. We propose a conceptualisation of potential as the negotiated, situated, ever-changing creation of a group of individuals, in a process marked by conflict, and which remains essentially difficult.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11217-016-9508-