Peculiarities of water-electrolytic metabolism of rats with “slow” type of acetylation after a combined effect of cadmium chloride and sodium nitrate

After a combined 14 days introduction of cadmium chloride (0,1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and sodium nitrate (500 mg/kg intragastrically) to mature nonlinear albino rats with “slow” type of acetylation changes of water-electrolytic metabolism were manifested by 6,3% increased concentration of sodium ions in the blood plasma. Hypernatremia resulted from the disorders of water, ion, and osmoregulatory renal functions induced by both nephrotoxic substances. Stability of potassium metabolism indices was indicative of the retention of a functional state in the distal portion of the nephron. The combination with sodium nitrate restrained a harmful effect of cadmium chloride on the glomerular sector of a nephron and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) did not change. Taking into account the lack of activation of glomerular processes in response to penetration of exotoxins into the body GFR can be considered as a predictor of nephropathy progression in rats with “slow” type of acetylation. 6,9% increase of proximal reabsorption of sodium ions under conditions of stable GFR was indicative of disorders of the glomerular-tubular balance due to dysfunction of the nephron proximal portion. At the same time, it is reasonable to present the evidence of our opinion by the analysis of interrelations between the indices of functional-biochemical kidney conditions considering biochemical criteria of acetylation type in mature rats with “slow” acetylation type under conditions of a combined effect of cadmium chloride and sodium nitrate, which are the prospects of further investigations

Centralization of the authority of the BSSR prosecutor's office period 1922-1937

Objective : to reveal the reasons and the process of centralization of the prosecutor's office of the BSSR in the pre-war period. To describe the legal regulation of this process. Outline the main stages of the centralization process. Materials and methods : analysis and generalization of special literature, legal framework, dedicated to the events in history of the BSSR prosecutor's office in 1922–1936; study of archival materials of the NARB. Results : the process of subordination of the activities of the Belarusian prosecutor's office and subordination to the prosecutor's office of the USSR is described. The prosecutor's office lost independence in making decisions and at the same time gained some independence in relation to the leadership of the Belarusian state. Conclusion : the organizational structure of the Belarusian prosecutor's office at all levels, which took shape over almost two decades, was the result of the final formation by 1936 of the political system of the state, the main features of unconditional subordination to the leadership of the USSR.Цель : раскрыть причины и процесс централизации органов прокуратуры БССР в предвоенный период, описать правовое регулирование данного процесса, обозначить основные этапы процесса централизации. Материалы и методы : анализ и обобщение специальной литературы, нормативно-правовой базы, посвященных событиям в истории прокуратуры БССР1922–1936 гг.; изучение архивных материалов НАРБ. Результаты : Описан процесс подчинения деятельности белорусской прокуратуры и подчинение прокуратуре СССР. Прокуратура потеряла самостоятельность в принятии решений и одновременно обрела некоторую независимость в отношении руководства белорусского государства. Заключение : Организационное построение белорусской прокуратуры на всех уровнях, которое складывалось в течение почти двух десятилетий, явилось результатом окончательного формирования к 1936 году политической системы государства

Flame Treatment of Polypropylene: A Study by Electron and Ion Spectroscopies

The effects of flame treatment on the surface characteristics of four injection moulded, automotive grade, polypropylene samples, pigmented with carbon black, have been studied. The changes in wettability have been monitored by water contact angle and Dyne inks, whilst XPS has been used to establish the changes in oxygen surface concentration as a function of flame treatment. As expected carbon pigmented and carbon plus talc filled samples showed a significant increase in oxygen concentration and surface wettability with increasing flame treatment. For the glass filled sample this effect was not so pronounced. Inspection of the XPS valence band shows initial attack in the flame treatment process to be at the pendant methyl group of the poly(propylene) molecular architecture. XPS in conjunction with cluster ion bombardment shows the depth of surface treatment to range from ca. 7 nm at one pass of flame treatment to some 15 nm following seven passes. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) shows the segregation of characteristic additives during the injection moulding process which are subsequently greatly reduced during the flame treatment. As treatment level increases oxygen increases from mono-atomic to diatomic attachment. This work extends the understanding of the flame treatment of moulded polyolefines and establishes that the beneficial properties conferred are the result of the conjoint effect of the oxygenation of the bulk polymer along with the removal of surface segregated processing aids

ENALAPRIL EFFECT ON GLUTATHIONE CHAIN OF THE ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM OF THE BRAIN IN RATS WITH SCOPOLAMINE-INDUCED NEURODEGENERATION

Objective of the work is to study enalapril effect, a blocker of renin-angiotensin system, on glutathione chain of the antioxidant system of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats with experimental neurodegeneration. The experiments were conducted on nonlinear laboratory albino male rats with their body weight of 0,18-0,20 kg. The model of neurodegeneration was created by means of intraperitoneally administration of scopolamine hydrochloride (Sigma, USA) during 27 days in the dose of 1 mg/kg. Since the 28th day of the experiment enalapril (Zdorovye, Ukraine) was introduced intraperitoneally in the dose of 1 mg/kg in 1 ml of physiological solution once a day during 14 days. The content of reduced glutathione in male rats with scopolamine-induced neurodegeneration after introduction of enalapril increased in the cerebral cortex 1,8 times as much, and in the hippocampus – 1,2 times. Under enalapril effect the content of sulfhydryl groups increased in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus 1,3 and 1,1 times respectively. A positive effect of enalapril was characterized by an increased activity of glutathione reductase in the cerebral cortex 1,7 times as much, and 1,6 times – in the hippocampus. Thus, enalapril improves the indices of glutathione chain of the antioxidant system of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, which is indicative of its neuroprotective ability under conditions of scopolamine-induced damage and development of neurodegenerative processes in rats.Цель исследования - изучить влияние блокатора ренинангиотензиновой системы эналаприла на глутатионовою цепь антиоксидантной системы коры головного мозга и гиппокампа крыс с экспериментальной нейродегенерацией. Эксперименты проводили на нелинейных лабораторных белых крысах самцах массой 0,18-0,20 кг. Модель нейродегенерации создавали внутрибрюшинным введением в течение 27 дней скополамина гидрохлорида (Sigma, США) в дозе 1 мг/кг. Начиная с 28 суток эксперимента, эналаприл вводили внутрибрюшинно в дозе 1 мг/кг в 1 мл физиологического раствора - один раз в день в течение 14 дней. У крыс самцов со скополамин-индуцированной нейродегенерацией после введения эналаприла в коре головного мозга увеличивалось содержание глутатиона восстановленного в 1,8 раза и в гиппокампе - в 1,2 раза. Под влиянием эналаприла содержание сульфгидрильных групп повышалось в коре головного мозга и гиппокампе в 1,3 и 1,1 раза, соответственно. Положительное влияние эналаприла характеризовалось повышением активности глутатион-редуктазы в коре в 1,7 раза и в гиппокампе - в 1,6 раза. Таким образом, эналаприл улучшает показатели глутатионовой цепи антиоксидантной системы коры головного мозга и гиппокампа, что указывает на его нейропротекторную способность в условиях скополамин-индуцированного повреждения и развития нейродегенеративных процессов у крыс

FUNCTIONAL KIDNEY STATE OF MATURE RATS WITH RAPID ACETYLATION TYPE UNDER CONDITIONS OF SUBACUTE CADMIUM-NITRATE INTOXICATION AND PREVENTIVE INTRODUCTION OF ECHINACEA PURPUREA

Introduction. Functional kidney state under conditions of introduction of Echinacea purpurea tincture before modeling subacute intoxication with cadmium chloride and sodium nitrate was examined in the experiments on laboratory nonlinear albino mature male rats with rapid acetylation type. Purpose. To investigate changes of the kidney functions in mature rats with rapid acetylation type under conditions of subacute cadmium-nitrate intoxication and preventive introduction of Echinacea purpurea. Methods. Male rats 6 months of age with rapid acetylation type were divided into 3 groups: І – control; ІІ – rats with of subacute cadmium-nitrate intoxication model; ІІІ – rats receiving intragastrically alcohol tincture of fresh rhizomes with roots of Echinacea purpurea (LC “State Municipal Enterprise “Pharmaceutical Plant Vishpha””, Ukraine; 0,25 mk/rg). Results. Under the effect of preventive introduction of Echinacea purpurea in rats with rapid acetylation type and cadmium-nitrate lesion of the kidneys diuresis and glomerular filtration rate become normal; distal transport of sodium ions increases; hyponatriemia and decreased natriuresis remain without changes; concentrations of creatinine in the blood plasma, potassium ions in the blood plasma and urine, kaliuresis decrease. Similar to the group of rats without Echinacea purpurea, proximal reabsorption of sodium ions which is standardized by glomerular filtration decreases. Conclusion. Under conditions of preventive introduction of Echinacea purpurea volume regulating kidney function is maintained in mature rats with rapid acetylation type and subacute cadmium-nitrate intoxication, but it does not prevent the development of toxic nephropathy with prevailing lesion of the nephron proximal portion, disorders of ion regulating kidney function and water-electrolytic balance. Keywords: Echinacea purpurea, mature rats, rapid acetylation type, cadmium-nitrate intoxication, kidney functions. Abbreviations: SCNI - subacute cadmium-nitrate intoxication, GFR - glomerular filtration rate

«Лямент по отцу Іоаннђ Васильєвичу» в контексті танатологічного дискурсу українського поетичного бароко ("Lyament on father Ioann Vasilyevich" in the context of tanatological discourse of the Ukrainian potential baroque)

У статті розглядається «Лямент по отцу Іоанну Васильєвичу», який є репрезентантом творів окремого жанрового комплексу панегіричної поезії, що обслуговував сферу смерті, сформувавши танатологічний дискурс в українській бароковій літературі XVII століття. Панегірики з нагоди смерті вибудовувалися як комплекс віршів, призначених для рольової декламації, часто містили також елементи гербовної, зорової, курйозної поезії. У статті аналізуються характерні для європейського барокового мистецтва мотиви та образи, пов’язані із світоглядною концепцією уявлень про життя та смерть, що постала як реакція на потрясіння доби реформації та контрреформації, також увагу акцентовано на своєрідності використаної авторами образності з огляду на духовний сан небіжчика. (The article deals with the «Lyament on Father Ioann Vasilyevich», representing works of a separate genre complex of panegyric poetry which served the sphere of death, and forming tanatological discourse in the Ukrainian baroque literature of the XVII century. The panegirik «Lyament on Father Ioann Vasilevich» united such characteristic for the tanatological discourse genres as lyament, tren, elegy and epitaphion into a recitation complex intended for proclamation during the burial ritual. The work is marked by the presence of macabre motives of the past and transience of human life (vanitas vanitatum), the need for careful preparation for the transition to another world (arsmoriendi), images confirming the shortness and illusory nature of human existence; Death appears as a rigorous and inevitable force, to which the person can’t resist. Considering the spiritual condition of the deceased, there are numerous images of biblical patriarchs – Jacob, Moses, Prophet Samuel, high priest Aaron, and others like that. The presence of combinations of religious and society motives, images of the Holy Scripture and ancient mythology correspond to essentially Baroque stylistics. The synthesis of arts, decorative elements, the playing beginning, the attention to the form as specific baroque features are represented by samples of curious poem inscribed in the panegyric. Ivan Vasilevich appears in the work as a man devoted to the ideals of Christian virtue and mercy; his life path is a way of serving people, consciously chosen position of intercession of the Orthodox congregation in the face of harsh confessional confrontation.

PHARMACOLOGICAL CORRECTION OF COGNITIVE DISORDERS IN EXPERIMENTAL NEURODEGENERATION CAUSED BY 2 TYPE DIABETES MELLITUS

Прогресивне зростання чисельності ускладнень цукрового діабету 2 типу робить проблему значущою для клінічної та фундаментальної медицини. Зокрема, нейродегенеративні процеси при цукровому діабеті 2 типу обтяжують перебіг захворювання, змінюють звичайний життєвий ритм, є вагомою причиною високих показників інвалідизації та летальності. Зниження когнітивних функцій є одним із основних ускладнень діабету. З літературних джерел відомо, що інгібітори ангіотензинперетворювального ферменту розглядаються як засоби профілактики і лікування ускладненнях цукрового діабету, їх роль, як і модуляторів гама­аміномасляної кислоти, при розвитку центральної діабетичної нейродегенерації ще остаточно не визначена. Тому метою роботи є оцінка ефективності фармакологічної корекції когнітивних порушень модулятором гама­аміномасляної кислоти карбацетаму і блокатором ренін­ангіотензинової системи еналаприлом при експериментальній нейродегенерації, спричиненої цукровим діабетом 2 типу. Досліджено зміни когнітивних функцій під впливом карбацетаму та еналаприлу у нелінійних лабораторних білих щурів самців із нейродегенерацією за умов цукрового діабету 2 типу, змодельованого стрептозотоцином і високожировою дієтою. Когнітивну здатність оцінювали за поведінковими реакціями щурів у тестах «відкрите поле», «умовного рефлексу пасивного уникнення» та за формулою Баттлера. Оцінка поведінки у щурів із ЦД 2 типу показала покращення стану когнітивних функцій у групах із введенням карбацетаму та еналаприлу. Водночас мав місце переважний корегувальний вплив карбацетаму на адаптаційні, пізнавальні реакції та антиамнестичну активність, тоді як еналаприл більшою мірою покращував емоційний стан щурів. Аналіз антиамнестичних властивостей виявив більші значення показників на 14­ту, ніж на 1­шу добу корекції, що вказує на ефективність курсового введення карбацетаму та еналаприлу за умов нейродегенерації зумовленої ЦД 2 типу.Прогрессивный рост численности осложнений сахарного диабета 2 типа делает проблему значимой для клинической и фундаментальной медицины. В частности, нейродегенеративные процессы при сахарном диабете 2 типа отягощают течение заболевания, меняют обычный жизненный ритм, являются весомой причиной высоких показателей инвалидизации и летальности. Снижение когнитивных функций является одним из основных осложнений диабета. Из литературных источников известно, что ингибиторы АПФ рассматриваются как средства профилактики и лечения осложнениях сахарного диабета, их роль, как и модуляторов гамма­аминомасляной кислоты, при развитии центральной диабетической нейродегенерации еще окончательно не определена. Поэтому целью работы является оценка эффективности фармакологической коррекции когнитивных нарушений модулятором гамма­аминомасляной кислоты карбацетамом и блокиратором ренин­ангиотензиновой системы эналаприлом при экспериментальной нейродегенерации, вызванной сахарным диабетом 2 типа. Исследованы изменения когнитивных функций под влиянием карбацетама и эналаприла в нелинейных лабораторных белых крыс самцов с нейродегенерации при сахарном диабете 2 типа, смоделированного стрептозотоцином и высокожировой диетой. Когнитивную способность оценивали по поведенческим реакциями крыс в тестах «открытое поле», «условного рефлекса пассивного избегания» и по формуле Баттлера. Оценка поведения у крыс с СД 2 типа показала улучшение состояния когнитивных функций в группах с введением карбацетаму и эналаприла. В то же время имел место преимущественное корректирующий влияние карбацетаму на адаптационные, познавательные реакции и антиамнестическое активность, тогда как эналаприл в большей степени улучшал эмоциональное состояние крыс. Анализ антиамнестическое свойств обнаружил большие значения показателей к 14, чем на 1­е сутки коррекции, указывает на эффективность курсового введения карбацетаму и эналаприла в условиях нейродегенерации обусловленной СД 2 типа.A progressive increase of complications of type 2 DM makes the problem very important for clinical and fundamental medicine. In particular, neurodegenerative processes in case of type 2 DM aggravate the course of the disease, change a usual life rhythm, and are a valuable cause of high rates of disability and lethality. Deterioration of cognitive functions is one of the main complications of diabetes. In certain literary sources inhibitors of angiotensin­transforming enzyme are considered as the means to prevent and treat complications of diabetes mellitus. Their role as modulators of gama­aminobutyric acid with development of central diabetic neurodegeneration is not completely determined yet. Therefore, the objective of the study is to assess efficacy of pharmacological correction of cognitive disorders by carbacetam, a GABA modulator, and enalapril, a RAS blocker, in case of experimental neurodegeneration caused by type 2 DM. Changes of the cognitive functions under carbacetam and enalapril effect in nonlinear laboratory albino male rats with neural degeneration under conditions of type 2 diabetes mellitus simulated by streptozotocin and high fat diet are studied. The cognitive ability was assessed by behavioral reactions of rats in the tests «open field» and «the conditional reflex reaction of passive avoidance» by Butler formula. Behavior of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus after administration of carbacetam and enalapril showed of cognitive functions in the groups. At the same time, carbacetam was found to possess better correcting effect on adaptation, cognitive reactions and anti­amnestic activity, while enalapril improved emotional condition of the rats mostly. Analysis of anti­amnestic properties found higher values of the parameters on the 14th day than on the 1st day of correction, which is indicative of the efficacy of a course administration of carbacetam and enalapril under conditions of neural degeneration stipulated by type 2 DM

A Retrospective Interventional Cohort Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Sandostatin LAR for Treatment of Recurrent and/or Refractory Meningiomas.

Background: Meningiomas are the most common adult primary intracranial tumors in the United States. Despite high recurrence rate of atypical and malignant subtypes, there is no approved drug indicated specifically for meningioma. Since the majority of meningiomas exhibit high density of somatostatin receptors subtypes, somatostatin analogs have been under close investigation. The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of Sandostatin LAR (octreotide) in patients with progressive, and/or recurrent meningioma, and identify subset of patients who were more likely to benefit from this treatment. Methods: A total of 43 patients ≥ 18 years old were included in the retrospective chart review. The patients underwent treatment with Sandostatin LAR (octreotide) from 01.01.2010 to 06.01.2017 at the University of California, Irvine after confirmation of the diagnosis. Six months progression free survival (PFS6) was defined as a primary endpoint, and the overall survival (OS), safety, and toxicity were identified as secondary endpoints. Results: The OS for 6 months, 1, and 3 years for all WHO grades was 94.8, 88.1, and 67.0%, respectively. The PFS6 for WHO I, II, III, and all was 89.4, 89, 33.3, and 80% respectively. For patients with no prior surgeries, chemotherapy or radiation, the PFS6 was 88.9, 84.8, and 94.8%, respectively. Interestingly, the PFS6 was 90.5% for skull-based and 80% for 3-6 cm tumors. Patients with tumors in parasagittal location had PFS6 of 83.3% compared to PFS6 of 50.0% for patients with convexity tumors. Evaluation of PFS6 based on the effect of estrogen and progesterone on meningioma identified that ER-PR+ tumors had PFS6 of 87.8% while patients with ER-PR- meningiomas had PFS6 of 62.5%. Median TTP for WHO grade I, II, and III was 3.1, 2.40, and 0.26 years, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that median TTP was 3.1 years for <3 cm tumors, 3.22 years for skull-based tumors, 2.37 years for patients with prior surgeries and 3.10 years for patients with no history of chemotherapy. History of radiation had no effect on median TTP. Sandostatin LAR (octreotide) was well-tolerated. Conclusions:This is one of the largest retrospective analysis of meningioma patients treated with Sandostatin LAR (octreotide) suggesting that this treatment has minimal to no adverse events and could prolong overall survival, and progression free survival especially for patients with ER-PR+ tumors who underwent surgeries for small skull-based tumors

Experimental assessment of carbacetam effect on the cerebral mitochondria in rats with scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s disease

The objective of the study was to evaluate the protective effect of carbacetam under conditions of mitochondrial dysfunction of the brain in rats with scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusions. Reduced intensity of mitochondrial swelling, improvement of the antioxidant system state and energy supply of mitochondria in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats with scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s disease are indicative of mitoprotective properties of carbacetam as a promising neuroprotector