Damage development around moulded-in holes in flat braided composites

Textile techniques like overbraiding offer the possibility to perform some function integration during the composite fabrication stage. As an example, it is possible to integrate axes or holes necessary to transfer loads to the composite structure. Moreover, this prevents drilling and therefore fracturing load-carrying fibres at a latter stage. However, this means a local reorientation of the fibre and therefore a change in properties. This paper proposes a model for the reorientation of the fibres around a moulded-in hole. A subsequent finite element analysis shows the influence of this reorientation on the stress situation around the hole. Validation on pressed glass-PPS specimens loaded under tension shows that the proposed model is able to predict damage initiation in the vicinity of the hole

Een Relatie tussen Ministerie en Uitvoeringsorganisaties: Zorg dat het werkt!

CONCLUSIES De theorie in hoofdstuk 2 laat zien dat beleidsdirecties en uitvoeringsorganisaties op verschillende manieren handelen en kunnen samenwerken door de wijze van sturen en coördineren af te stemmen op de relationele verbintenis. Vastgesteld is (dat in alle drie de casus) partijen gezamenlijk zijn overeengekomen welk type sturingsrelatie wordt gehanteerd. Er is dus in alle type sturingsrelaties consensus bereikt over de rol en positie die partijen aan nemen in hun relationele verbintenis. Het type sturingsrelatie bepaalt vervolgens welke omgangsvormen worden gehanteerd door betrokken partijen. Naarmate de omgangsvormen meer passen bij het type sturingsrelatie waarover overeenstemming bestaat, wordt de kwaliteit van de relatie als sterk ervaren. Geconcludeerd kan worden dat er een viertal omgangsvormen bijdragen aan een sterke kwaliteit van de relatie tussen ministerie en uitvoeringsorganisatie, zij worden hieronder achtereenvolgens benoemd: a. Er dient tijdig duidelijkheid te worden geschept over beoogde beleidsdoelstellingen en financiële middelen (zowel voor de beleidsdirectie als voor de uitvoeringsorganisatie), b. Uitvoeringsorganisatie dient een bepaalde mate van zelfstandige beslissingsbevoegdheid te krijgen om uitvoeringstaken uit te voeren, c. Er is een vorm van beloning aanwezig; in de vorm van aandacht en waardering over bereikte prestaties, d. Er wordt gezamenlijke overeenstemming bereikt over de wijze van samenwerken. Het vastleggen en nakomen van afspraken en de mate waarin informatie wordt uitgewisseld, en de mate van inspraak zijn weliswaar handelingen die worden aangetroffen in de relatie tussen beleid en uitvoering, echter het zijn niet bijzondere attitudes van partijen die de kwaliteit van de relatie versterken. Het zijn eigenschappen, handelingen of processen waar naar personen zich dienen te Laureen Hulskamp Een relatie tussen Ministerie en Uitvoeringsorganisatie: Zorg dat het werkt! Bestuurskunde 6 gedragen in een keten om de kwaliteit van de relatie te waarborgen. Deze omgangsvormen beïnvloeden de mate waarin duidelijkheid wordt geschept over de te realiseren beleidsdoelstellingen, de mate van zelfstandige beslissingsbevoegdheid en het verkrijgen van feedback op de prestaties. Deze omgangsvormen kunnen ook uitmonden in faalfactoren van omgangsvormen en de kwaliteit van de relatie negatief beïnvloeden

Sleep and dreams in ancient medical diagnosis and prognosis

This thesis aims to improve our understanding of sleep and dreams in ancient medicine, and allot dreams their own place among ancient diagnostic and prognostic procedures. First, a systematic overview of Hippocratic and Galenic diagnostic and prognostic procedures is provided. As yet, no such overview is available for the Hippocratic Corpus. To form a diagnosis or prognosis, the Hippocratics and Galen apply observation and semiotic inference, combining universal, external information concerning matters like the weather and the environment, with individual information such as a patient's symptoms and regimen and, occasionally, his dreams. Secondly, the (physiological) processes, which, according to the Hippocratics, Galen and Aristotle pertain to sleep and waking, are described in detail. A systematic account of Galen's theory of sleep is offered here for the first time. In Galen and Aristotle's accounts especially, digestion takes a central position. In all three approaches, the primary qualities - hot, cold, wet, and dry - play an important role. Lastly, the discussion of the Hippocratic and Galenic approaches to dreams is taken beyond the standard treatises, and Aristotle's views are also examined in detail. The various Hippocratic ideas on dreams show much greater consistency than has previously been suggested. In a broad spectrum of views, On Regimen most strongly emphasises the role of dreams as significant indicators of the dreamer's physical condition. Galen, elaborating Hippocratic ideas, prominently includes factors outside of the dream in the medical interpretation of dreams. Aristotle offers the most fully fledged physiological account of the occurrence of dreams. As in On Regimen, he provides a theoretical basis for the use of dreams as a source of information about the condition of the body. This thesis shows that sleep and dreams were duly considered in ancient medical thought.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceWellcome TrustGBUnited Kingdo

Variability of systemic and oro-dental phenotype in two families with non-lethal Raine syndrome with FAM20C mutations

Background: Raine syndrome (RS) is a rare autosomal recessive bone dysplasia typified by osteosclerosis and dysmorphic facies due to FAM20C mutations. Initially reported as lethal in infancy, survival is possible into adulthood. We describe the molecular analysis and clinical phenotypes of five individuals from two consanguineous Brazilian families with attenuated Raine Syndrome with previously unreported features. Methods: The medical and dental clinical records were reviewed. Extracted deciduous and permanent teeth as well as oral soft tissues were analysed. Whole exome sequencing was undertaken and FAM20C cDNA sequenced in family 1. Results: Family 1 included 3 siblings with hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) (inherited abnormal dental enamel formation). Mild facial dysmorphism was noted in the absence of other obvious skeletal or growth abnormalities. A mild hypophosphataemia and soft tissue ectopic mineralization were present. A homozygous FAM20C donor splice site mutation (c.784 + 5 g > c) was identified which led to abnormal cDNA sequence. Family 2 included 2 siblings with hypoplastic AI and tooth dentine abnormalities as part of a more obvious syndrome with facial dysmorphism. There was hypophosphataemia, soft tissue ectopic mineralization, but no osteosclerosis. A homozygous missense mutation in FAM20C (c.1487C > T; p.P496L) was identified. Conclusions: The clinical phenotype of non-lethal Raine Syndrome is more variable, including between affected siblings, than previously described and an adverse impact on bone growth and health may not be a prominent feature. By contrast, a profound failure of dental enamel formation leading to a distinctive hypoplastic AI in all teeth should alert clinicians to the possibility of FAM20C mutations

Lung Volume, Breathing Pattern and Ventilation Inhomogeneity in Preterm and Term Infants

BACKGROUND: Morphological changes in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) have functional consequences on lung volume, ventilation inhomogeneity and respiratory mechanics. Although some studies have shown lower lung volumes and increased ventilation inhomogeneity in BPD infants, conflicting results exist possibly due to differences in sedation and measurement techniques. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We studied 127 infants with BPD, 58 preterm infants without BPD and 239 healthy term-born infants, at a matched post-conceptional age of 44 weeks during quiet natural sleep according to ATS/ERS standards. Lung function parameters measured were functional residual capacity (FRC) and ventilation inhomogeneity by multiple breath washout as well as tidal breathing parameters. Preterm infants with BPD had only marginally lower FRC (21.4 mL/kg) than preterm infants without BPD (23.4 mL/kg) and term-born infants (22.6 mL/kg), though there was no trend with disease severity. They also showed higher respiratory rates and lower ratios of time to peak expiratory flow and expiratory time (t(PTEF)/t(E)) than healthy preterm and term controls. These changes were related to disease severity. No differences were found for ventilation inhomogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that preterm infants with BPD have a high capacity to maintain functional lung volume during natural sleep. The alterations in breathing pattern with disease severity may reflect presence of adaptive mechanisms to cope with the disease process

Transcriptome Analysis of Arabidopsis Wild-Type and gl3–sst sim Trichomes Identifies Four Additional Genes Required for Trichome Development

Transcriptome analyses have been performed on mature trichomes isolated from wild-type Arabidopsis leaves and on leaf trichomes isolated from the gl3–sst sim double mutant, which exhibit many attributes of immature trichomes. The mature trichome profile contained many highly expressed genes involved in cell wall synthesis, protein turnover, and abiotic stress response. The most highly expressed genes in the gl3–sst sim profile encoded ribosomal proteins and other proteins involved in translation. Comparative analyses showed that all but one of the genes encoding transcription factors previously found to be important for trichome formation, and many other trichome-important genes, were preferentially expressed in gl3–sst sim trichomes. The analysis of genes preferentially expressed in gl3–sst sim led to the identification of four additional genes required for normal trichome development. One of these was the HDG2 gene, which is a member of the HD–ZIP IV transcription factor gene family. Mutations in this gene did not alter trichome expansion, but did alter mature trichome cell walls. Mutations in BLT resulted in a loss of trichome branch formation. The relationship between blt and the phenotypically identical mutant, sti, was explored. Mutations in PEL3, which was previously shown to be required for development of the leaf cuticle, resulted in the occasional tangling of expanding trichomes. Mutations in another gene encoding a protein with an unknown function altered trichome branch formation

Expression Analysis of an R3-Type MYB Transcription Factor CPC-LIKE MYB4 (TRICHOMELESS2) and CPL4-Related Transcripts in Arabidopsis

The CAPRICE (CPC)-like MYB gene family encodes R3-type MYB transcription factors in Arabidopsis. There are six additional CPC-like MYB sequences in the Arabidopsis genome, including TRYPTICHON (TRY), ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC1 and 2 (ETC1 and ETC2), ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC3/CPC-LIKE MYB3 (ETC3/CPL3), and TRICHOMELESS1 and 2 (TCL1 and TCL2). We independently identified CPC-LIKE MYB4 (CPL4), which was found to be identical to TCL2. RT-PCR analysis showed that CPL4 is strongly expressed in shoots, including true leaves, but not in roots. Promoter-GUS analyses indicated that CPL4 is specifically expressed in leaf blades. Although CPC expression was repressed in 35S::ETC1, 35S::ETC2 and 35S::CPL3 backgrounds, CPL4 expression was not affected by ETC1, ETC2 or CPL3 over-expression. Notably, several chimeric transcripts may result from inter-genic alternative splicing of CPL4 and ETC2, two tandemly repeated genes on chromosome II. At least two chimeric transcripts named CPL4-α and CPL4-β are expected to encode complete CPC-like MYB proteins