IBPP Research Associates: Space and Extreme Environments

Per M. Ephimia Morphew. President of the Society for Human Performance in Extreme Environments previously online at http://www.hpee.org, colleagues at the Institute of Biomedical Problems in Russia (IBMP) are engaged in an isolation experiment pertaining to space exploration that is two months underway and preliminary findings are reported [in the article entitled First Two Months of Simulated Isolation Passed.] IBPP commentary includes a discussion of human factors and political psychology as parameters of space

Design and Evaluation of Path Planning Decision Support for Planetary Surface Exploration

Human intent is an integral part of real-time path planning and re-planning, thus any decision aiding system must support human-automation interaction. The appropriate balance between humans and automation for this task has previously not been adequately studied. In order to better understand task allocation and collaboration between humans and automation for geospatial path problem solving, a prototype path planning aid was developed and tested. The focus was human planetary surface exploration, a high risk, time-critical domain, but the scenario is representative of any domain where humans path plan across uncertain terrain. Three visualizations, including elevation contour maps, a novel visualization called levels of equal costs, and a combination of the two were tested along with two levels of automation. When participants received the lower level of automation assistance, their path costs errors were less than 35% of the optimal, and they integrated manual sensitivity analysis strategies. When participants used the higher level of automation assistance, path costs errors were reduced to a few percentages, and they saved on average 1.5 minutes in the task. However, this increased performance came at the price of decreased situation awareness and automation bias.We would like to acknowledge the NASA Harriett G. Jenkins Predoctoral Fellowship and the Office of Naval Research for sponsoring this research

The story of Burke High School : improving a low-performing school through partnerships

Burke High School is on the rise, primarily due to a community-partnership approach coordinated by the College’s Center for Partnerships to Improve Education. College faculty and staff, the business community, nonprofit representatives, school district administrators, and government officials joined together to strengthen the school while at the same time weathered the ups and downs of the volatile school improvement process as a team. The purpose of this document is to describe the partnership turnaround approach used at Burke High, provide outcome data to support the improvement of the school, offer suggestions for turning around students in low-performing schools and share information on how to avoid the possible pitfalls standing in the way of school improvement. The target audience includes school district administrators, deans of schools of education, state departments of education and education policymakers

Negative Transfer of Training: Simulator Study Into the Effects of Overruled Pilot Decision Making

This report was originally published by the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Human Performance; Soesterberg, The Netherlands as TNO 2023 R10152In this simulator study, we investigated the potential negative transfer of training that may result from situations where a correct decision made by the trainee is being overruled by the instructor to save training time. We hypothesized that discarding a correct decision in a training situation can introduce confusion when the trainee encounters a similar situation in operational practice. The experiment was performed in a fixed-base simulator of a twin-engine business jet. Two groups of 19 commercial pilots participated in a training session consisting of four training scenarios, immediately followed by a test session with four other test scenarios. Whereas in the \u201ccontrol\u201d group the training scenarios were presented as briefed, the pilots in the experimental, or \u201coverruled\u201d group included some events (e.g., an enhanced ground proximity warning (EGPWS)) which required a response. However, the instructor directed the pilots to refrain from the response. It was expected that pilots in the overruled group were more likely to show delayed response or even ignore alarms in the test scenarios. The objective results showed no significant effect of the training manipulation on the performance of the pilots in the test scenarios involving the same type of events as the overruled group had encountered during the training. However, according to the subjective results, 32% of the participating pilots stated that they had been confused during the test, and that the training influenced their decision making. Within the limits of this study, these findings are an indication of negative transfer of training

介護の有無が椅子立ち上がり時の床反力に及ぼす影響

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of care and positioning on ground reaction force in sit-to-stand (STS) movement from a chair. Seven healthy male subjects volunteered for the study. The subjects performed STS movement in three positions. The results of this study suggested that the positions of bottoms of feet are related to STS movement and posture maintenance. Because bottoms of feet position are drawn, ground reaction force from a chair is reduced. Bending of the upper part of the body which leads to standin-up becomes a factor for the stable standing-up in movement. The farther bottoms of feet are placed forward, the harder it becomes to maintain the balance during STS movement

福祉系大学生における障害者観の変容～学年差の横断的検討～

This research gave a cross-sectional study about the difference between the grades on the view of the handicapped which welfare university students have. We asked by using the questionnaire about the prejudice / acceptance of the handicapped. The investigation objects were welfare university students and, the breakdown, students of a first grade were 54 people, and students of a fourth grade were 79 people. That main result was as the following. The feeling of the symbiosis of the handicapped which the students of the fourth grade have was better than that of the students of the first grade. Then, the degree of acceptance of the handicapped which the students of the fourth grade have was higher than that of the student of the first grade. In other words, the view of the handicapped which welfare university students have could be thought to transform in the favorable direction during being at university. From now on, we will have to clear it about the factor which exerts effect to the transfiguration on the view of handicapped by the longitudinal method

ソーシャルワーク・スーパービジョンの定義の混乱の背景にある諸問題

It is said that the definition of social work supervision is confused today. This paper points out to the supervision of a social work that there is an administrative function which is not in other professions. As backgrounds of a confusion of the definitions of social work supervision, this paper takes up the problem of the confrontation and conflict between administrative, educational, and supportive functions and presents three approaches of the definition