A Contemporary Approach to a Classic Model: Exploring the Influence of Local Interactions and Disturbance on Mangrove Forest Dynamics with a Spatially-Explicit Version of FORMAN

The mangrove forest gap dynamic model, FORMAN, was the first individual-based model (IBM) to simulate the long-term successional dynamics of three Caribbean mangrove species, Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle. Assumptions under the spatially implicit approach of gap dynamic models limit their application to small-scale simulations. An expanded, spatially-explicit version of FORMAN was developed to allow for simulations of larger spatial grids, through the inclusion of localized soil conditions and neighborhood-based light resource competition. This expanded model was used to investigate the influence of localized interactions and disturbances of varying size on forest dynamics. A data-model comparison using field data from the Shark River Estuary in the Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE) tested the model’s ability to predict spatial relationships (inter-tree distances) based on tree size and species. The structure and function of the simulated mangrove forests were sensitive to complex interactions between localized soil and light competition based on neighboring trees. Under spatially varying soil conditions, neighborhood-based light competition limited tree growth (especially that of A. germinans and L. racemosa) in favorable soil zones, while allowing for sapling establishment in less optimal habitats. Forest recovery rates following disturbance were sensitive to both soil stress and disturbance size. L. racemosa experienced the greatest increase in annual productivity following disturbance, and exhibited a positive relationship between post-disturbance structure (biomass and basal area) and disturbance size. There was good agreement between the model and field data for frequencies of inter-tree distances and for the distribution of inter-tree distances when examined by size-class and by each species within sizes classes. However, there were no consistent differences or trends in inter-tree distance probability distributions observed across size-classes or for species within size-classes. The expanded FORMAN model, while still limited to the km2 scale in scope, is a very first step in increasing its spatial capability beyond the gap scale. This expansion potential is important in the context of climate change, as IBMs have been suggested as potentially useful tools in identifying and minimizing inaccuracies resulting from current methods of scaling biomass and productivity estimates from site to continental scales

A comparative study of imagery in quarto one and quarto two of william shakespeare\u27s hamlet

The purpose of this paper is to compare the imagery of the first quarto of Hamlet with the imagery of the second quarto and the first folio. This paper examines verbal and visual imager, including a comparison of dramatic images based on physical appearance of characters, settings, stage effects, and time sequence

The Grizzly, October 10, 1995

Diversity Committee Report • The Stolen Credit Card Conundrum • The Juice is Loose • Greek Service Requirements • Green Bringing Awareness to Campus • More Rules Change Pledging • Statement on Hazing • Circus Trial = Circus Ending • Debate: U.C. Sculptures • The Myth of Unity and Diversity • More Than a Protest? • Homosexuality: Not a Good Alternative • Intelligently Expressing Your Opinion? • Gossip, Responsibility, and Education • Failing Ourselves, Failing Others • Shackled by the Life Chain • The Not-so-Traditional Tradition: Is There Really a Fall Day? • No ID, No Cover Charge • Alumna Spotlight: Mary Harris • Trumpeter Mike Mossman to Lead Jazz Quintet at Ursinus • Sophomores To Focus On Campus Pride • Dr. Juan Espadas Receives Award • Team Loses to Widener and F&M • Ursinus Finishes Eighth at Susquehanna Fall Classic • Big Plays Doom Football Team • Streak Continues • Team Splits Conference Gameshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1365/thumbnail.jp

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This is a picture of green plants on purple background

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Artwork photographed by Hannah Gysin '12, Rhodes Student Associate in the Visual Resource Center, in 2010. Artwork photographed and inventoried by Christian Wiggs '18 and McKenzie Drake '17, Rhodes Student Associates for the Visual Resources Center on June 17, 2015.This is an oil painting of a still life of fruit with green and blue vases. The background is purple and the foreground under the fruit is a sandy color. The artist's signature is in purple at the bottom right corner "minna hurff / '58." The background purple paint is cracking. It is framed with canvas and gold with an ornate wooden frame around it painted in reds, golds, and greens. There is no glass. There is one mark in the paint on the blue vase. On the back to the upper left reads "PROPERTY OF / SOUTHWESTERN AT MEMPHIS / No>o. 13182." There is brown residue near the top of the back and "89.142" written in red marker. There is a stamed identification information of the framer in the center of the back. In pencil at the top right corner reads "9 1/2.

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Artwork photographed and inventoried by the 2015 Summer Art Inventory team in the Visual Resources Center.Large patterned leaves in deep purples, blues and greens. The background is of a cool multi-colored brushwork of dark blues and light purples. This paiting is oil on canvas with a gold and canvas matting and a ornate frame in gold and brown with no glass. The back has a sticker at the top left that reads "PROPERTY OF / SOUTHWESTERN AT MEMPHIS / N.O. 13183" and "89.151" in red marker to the top right with measurements written in pencil