Willingness to Engage Refugee-Oriented Collective Action in the Context of Dynamic Versus Static Norms

Social norms are typically defined as rules and behaviours that guide or restrict unwritten or unenacted social behaviour in a group or society (Cialdini & Trost, 1998). Also, social norms are generally related to a perceived social pressure to engage in or not engage in certain behaviours (Ajzen, 1991). It is common for social norms to work in an implicit way, relying on people's perceptions of appropriate behaviours to drive behavioural patterns and intents, but they may also be based on direct and explicit communication among group members (Hogg and Reid, 2006). Social norms have been classified as descriptive or injunctive. The descriptive norms are what most people do (Cialdini et al., 1990). In other words, it is social norms that direct behaviour with the perception of how others will behave (Cialdini et al., 1991). The injunctive norms also called the prescriptive norms (Cialdini et al., 1991, p. 203), are norms approved or disapproved by the majority of others. The imperative meaning of norms is a set of rules or beliefs that constitute morally acceptable or unacceptable behaviour. On the other hand, Sparkman and Walton (2017, 2019) examined social norms as dynamic versus static norms. Static descriptive norms are social norms that inform about the prevalence or frequency of a behaviour at a given time, while dynamic descriptive norms are social norms that describe how people's behaviour changes over time. In other words, dynamic norms draw attention to the change in attitudes, opinions or beliefs over time. This project aims to explore the relationship between dynamic versus static norms and target behaviour. We will investigate how and to what extent majority members would participate in activism to benefit refugees and the perceptions of majority members about the related norms

The Effect of Social Norms on Attitudes in the Context of Plant-Based Meat

A convincing array of evidence suggests that excessive meat consumption contributes significantly to alarming environmental impacts and lifestyle illnesses. The transition to lower meat consumption levels and increased consumption of plant-based foods is key to addressing today and tomorrow's health and environmental challenges. One of the options for a more sustainable diet is to replace meat with alternative proteins, such as seaweed or beans. In this research, we will examine the attitude and behaviour changes of participants who are exposed to dynamic and static norm situations. We expect that exposure to changing human behaviour (dynamic norm) will affect the participants' attitudes towards eating habits more. Basically, it can be an effective way to show how human behaviour is changing, to change their behaviour in the desired way. If it can be shown in what direction and to what extent the behaviour of people and community members has changed, the tendency towards desirable behaviours will increase. We think when there is a recent trend (dynamic) behaviour about a collective change in behaviour, people are more compatible with the new trend behaviour than existing (static) behaviour

Dynamic Norms and Support for Refugee Activism: The Effect of Dynamic versus Static norms on Support for Refugee Oriented Collective Action Tendencies

Social norms are a determining factor in individual behaviour. They direct individual behaviour assuming a regulatory role for the individual's goals (Cialdini & Trost, 1998; Ajzen, 1991). Witnessing (seeing, hearing and feeling) what others do affects individual behaviour and thoughts. As such, people adapt more easily to normative knowledge about the attitudes and behaviours of others at present. On the other hand, Sparkman and Walton (2017) differentetiate between dynamic and static social norms. While static norms are information about the prevalence or frequency of a behaviour (descriptive norms) or the attitudes of others toward a behaviour (injunctive norms) at a given point in time (Cialdini et al., 1991), dynamic norms are information about the collective change in behaviour (Sparkman & Walton, 2017). In other words, dynamic norms draw attention to the change in attitudes, opinions or beliefs over time. This project aims to explore the relationship between the norms of human behaviour that change over time (dynamic norms) and the current norms (static norms). This project will focus on how and to what extent refugee activism (e.g., organizing marches, demonstrations, or petitions) is supported by the majority group to improve refugees' group rights, and majority group members' perception of the possible norm

The Role of Albumin-Globulin Ratio on Predicting Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula in Pancreaticoduodenectomy Patients

Background and aim: The albumin-globulin ratio (AGR) is one of the indicators of inflammation and immunity and it has a prognostic significance in many malignant diseases. Previous studies have shown the relationship between inflammatory mediators and POPF. This study aimed to evaluate the relation of AGR, which is a relatively new indicator, with postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF). Methods: Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) patients between 2017 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into two groups as those with and without clinically relevant POPF (CR-POPF). They were compared in terms of preoperative-postoperative AGR and clinicodemographic characteristics. AGR was calculated as Albumin / (Total protein-albumin) and the cutoff point for AGR was determined according to Youden&amp;rsquo;s index. Results: CR-POPF developed in 21% of 121 patients who underwent PD. There was no difference between the groups in terms of age, gender, comorbid disease status, pancreatic duct width, and anastomosis technique. Preoperative and postoperative day-3 (POD3) albumin levels and AGR were found to be significantly lower in the CR-POPF group. Multivariate analysis showed that AGR and pancreatic tissue stiffness are independent risk factors for the development of POPF. Conclusions: Low AGR is an independent risk factor for the development of CR-POPF. To reduce the incidence of POPF, this ratio should be tried to be kept at an optimal level.</jats:p

Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Associated Disease with Recurrent Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions

[No Abstract Available

Why People Vote for Thin-Centred Ideology Parties? A Multi-Level Multi-Country Test of Individual and Aggregate Level Predictors

The present research investigates the individual and aggregate level determinants of support for thin-centred ideology parties across 23 European countries. Employing a multilevel modelling approach, we analysed European Social Survey data round 7 2014 (N = 44000). Our findings show that stronger identification with one’s country and confidence in one’s ability to influence the politics positively but perceiving the system as satisfactory and responsive; trusting the institutions and people, and having positive attitudes toward minorities, i.e., immigrants and refugees, negatively predict support for populist and single issue parties. The level of human development and perceptions of corruption at the country level moderate these effects. Thus, we provide the first evidence that the populist surge is triggered by populist actors’ capacity to simultaneously invoke vertical, “ordinary” people against “the elites”, and horizontal, “us” against “threatening aliens”, categories of people as well as the sovereignty of majority over minorities. These categories and underlying social psychological processes of confidence, trust, and threats are moderated by the general level of human development and corruption perceptions in a country. It is, therefore, likely that voting for populist parties will increase as the liberally democratic countries continue to prosper and offer better opportunities for human development. Stronger emphasis on safeguarding the integrity of the economic and democratic institutions, as our findings imply, and preserving their ethical and honest, i.e., un-corrupt, nature can keep this surge under check

Why People Vote for Thin-Centred Ideology Parties? A Multi-Level Multi-Country Test of Individual and Aggregate Level Predictors

The present research investigates the individual and aggregate level determinants of support for thin-centred ideology parties across 23 European countries. Employing a multilevel modelling approach, we analysed European Social Survey data round 7 2014 (N = 44000). Our findings show that stronger identification with one’s country and confidence in one’s ability to influence the politics positively but perceiving the system as satisfactory and responsive; trusting the institutions and people, and having positive attitudes toward minorities, i.e., immigrants and refugees, negatively predict support for populist and single issue parties. The level of human development and perceptions of corruption at the country level moderate these effects. Thus, we provide the first evidence that the populist surge is triggered by populist actors’ capacity to simultaneously invoke vertical, “ordinary” people against “the elites”, and horizontal, “us” against “threatening aliens”, categories of people as well as the sovereignty of majority over minorities. These categories and underlying social psychological processes of confidence, trust, and threats are moderated by the general level of human development and corruption perceptions in a country. It is, therefore, likely that voting for populist parties will increase as the liberally democratic countries continue to prosper and offer better opportunities for human development. Stronger emphasis on safeguarding the integrity of the economic and democratic institutions, as our findings imply, and preserving their ethical and honest, i.e., un-corrupt, nature can keep this surge under check

Why People Vote for Thin-Centred Ideology Parties? A Multi-Level Multi-Country Test of Individual and Aggregate Level Predictors

The present research investigates the individual and aggregate level determinants of support for thin-centred ideology parties across 23 European countries. Employing a multilevel modelling approach, we analysed European Social Survey data round 7 2014 (N = 44000). Our findings show that stronger identification with one’s country and confidence in one’s ability to influence the politics positively but perceiving the system as satisfactory and responsive; trusting the institutions and people, and having positive attitudes toward minorities, i.e., immigrants and refugees, negatively predict support for populist and single issue parties. The level of human development and perceptions of corruption at the country level moderate these effects. Thus, we provide the first evidence that the populist surge is triggered by populist actors’ capacity to simultaneously invoke vertical, “ordinary” people against “the elites”, and horizontal, “us” against “threatening aliens”, categories of people as well as the sovereignty of majority over minorities. These categories and underlying social psychological processes of confidence, trust, and threats are moderated by the general level of human development and corruption perceptions in a country. It is, therefore, likely that voting for populist parties will increase as the liberally democratic countries continue to prosper and offer better opportunities for human development. Stronger emphasis on safeguarding the integrity of the economic and democratic institutions, as our findings imply, and preserving their ethical and honest, i.e., un-corrupt, nature can keep this surge under check