Hyperbolic metamaterial interfaces: Hawking radiation from Rindler horizons and the "end of time"

Extraordinary rays in a hyperbolic metamaterial behave as particle world lines in a three dimensional (2+1) Minkowski spacetime. We analyze electromagnetic field behavior at the boundaries of this effective spacetime depending on the boundary orientation. If the boundary is perpendicular to the space-like direction in the metamaterial, an effective Rindler horizon may be observed which produces Hawking radiation. On the other hand, if the boundary is perpendicular to the time-like direction an unusual physics situation is created, which can be called "the end of time". It appears that in the lossless approximation electromagnetic field diverges at the interface in both situations. Experimental observations of the "end of time" using plasmonic metamaterials confirm this conclusion.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figure

A general BRST approach to string theories with zeta function regularizations

We propose a new general BRST approach to string and string-like theories which have a wider range of applicability than e g the conventional conformal field theory method. The method involves a simple general regularization of all basic commutators which makes all divergent sums to be expressible in terms of zeta functions from which finite values then may be extracted in a rigorous manner. The method is particular useful in order to investigate possible state space representations to a given model. The method is applied to three string models: The ordinary bosonic string, the tensionless string and the conformal tensionless string. We also investigate different state spaces for these models. The tensionless string models are treated in details. Although we mostly rederive known results they appear in a new fashion which deepens our understanding of these models. Furthermore, we believe that our treatment is more rigorous than most of the previous ones. In the case of the conformal tensionless string we find a new solution for d=4.Comment: 21 pages,Latexfile,revised presentation, previous title:"Critical dimensions and zeta regularizations in string theories

Nonsemisimple Fusion Algebras and the Verlinde Formula

We find a nonsemisimple fusion algebra F_p associated with each (1,p) Virasoro model. We present a nonsemisimple generalization of the Verlinde formula which allows us to derive F_p from modular transformations of characters.Comment: LaTeX (amsart, xypic, times), 35p

Conserved cosmological structures in the one-loop superstring effective action

A generic form of low-energy effective action of superstring theories with one-loop quantum correction is well known. Based on this action we derive the complete perturbation equations and general analytic solutions in the cosmological spacetime. Using the solutions we identify conserved quantities characterizing the perturbations: the amplitude of gravitational wave and the perturbed three-space curvature in the uniform-field gauge both in the large-scale limit, and the angular-momentum of rotational perturbation are conserved independently of changing gravity sector. Implications for calculating perturbation spectra generated in the inflation era based on the string action are presented.Comment: 5 pages, no figure, To appear in Phys. Rev.

A conserved variable in the perturbed hydrodynamic world model

We introduce a scalar-type perturbation variable $\Phi$ which is conserved in the large-scale limit considering general sign of three-space curvature ($K$), the cosmological constant ($\Lambda$), and time varying equation of state. In a pressureless medium $\Phi$ is {\it exactly conserved} in all scales.Comment: 4 pages, no figure, To appear in Phys. Rev.

Diquaternary Ammonium Compounds in Zeolite Synthesis: Cyclic and Polycyclic N-Heterocycles Connected by Methylene Chains

An additional dimension has been added to our long-standing studies in high silica zeolite synthesis via a guest/host synergism. We have created and studied the impact of making symmetric diquaternary ammonium compounds, by varying the chain length between nitrogen charge centers, and the heterocycle size and geometry containing the nitrogen. This allows the introduction of a second spatial parameter in the use of the charged organo-cation guest in the zeolite synthesis. The series of 15 diquaternary ammonium compounds (5 heterocycles synthesized onto chain lengths of C4−C6) were tested in a total of 135 zeolite syntheses reactions. Nine screening reactions were employed for each guest molecule, and the conditions built upon past successes in finding novel high silica zeolites via introduction of boron, aluminum, or germanium as substituting tetrahedral framework atoms for silicon. Eighteen different zeolite structures emerged from the studies. The use of specific chain lengths for derivatives of the pyrrolidine ring system produced novel zeolite materials SSZ-74 and 75

Factor market oligopsony and the location decision of free entry oligopoly

This paper examines the impact of oligopsony power on the location decision of undifferentiated oligopolistic firms with free entry. In the case where the distance of an oligopolistic firm from the output market is held constant, it shows that the optimum location moves away from the oligopsonistic input market if the demand function and the labor supply function are linear. In the case where the distance of an oligopolistic firm from the output market is a decision variable, it shows that the optimum location may not move toward the output market as demand increases if the demand function is convex. These results are significantly different from the conventional results based on the perfectly competitive factor market. It indicates that the presence of oligopsony power has important influence on the location decision of oligopolistic firms.Free entry oligopoly

String theoretic axion coupling and the evolution of cosmic structures

We examine the effects of the axion coupling to $R\tilde{R}$ on the evolution of cosmic structures. It is shown that the evolutions of the scalar- and vector-type perturbations are not affected by this axion coupling. However the axion coupling causes an asymmetric evolution of the two polarization states of the tensor-type perturbation, which may lead to a sizable polarization asymmetry in the cosmological gravitational wave if inflation involves a period in which the axion coupling is important. The polarization asymmetry produced during inflation are conserved over the subsequent evolution as long as the scales remain in the large-scale limit, and thus this may lead to an observable trace in the cosmic microwave background radiation.Comment: 10 pages, REVte

Contribution of ABA UDP-glucosyltransferases in coordination of ABA biosynthesis and catabolism for ABA homeostasis

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