A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012.

Malformations of cerebral cortical development include a wide range of developmental disorders that are common causes of neurodevelopmental delay and epilepsy. In addition, study of these disorders contributes greatly to the understanding of normal brain development and its perturbations. The rapid recent evolution of molecular biology, genetics and imaging has resulted in an explosive increase in our knowledge of cerebral cortex development and in the number and types of malformations of cortical development that have been reported. These advances continue to modify our perception of these malformations. This review addresses recent changes in our perception of these disorders and proposes a modified classification based upon updates in our knowledge of cerebral cortical development

Did belowground N transfer in mixed plantations of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus meet the Stress Gradient Hypothesis?

Belowground interactions in mixed forest plantations remain poorly understood as that of short-tenn nitrogen (N) transfer from N-fixing trees to non-N-fixing trees (Non-NFT) depending on nutrient availability. We investigated in this facilitation process met the Stress Gradient Hypothesis. which predicts that under stressful environmental conditions competition decreases and facilitation increases. A 15N pulse-labelling study was conducted in a five-year-old mixture of 50% Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla and 50% Acacia mangium with the hypothesis of higher transfer from acacia when no fertilization was applied. A complete randomized block design was set up with three replicates of fertilized and non-fertilized mixture. In each treatment of each block, a labeled solution of potassium nitrate (98 atom% 15N-N03) was injected into the stem of an Acacia tree with the same basal area as the average of the stand. The x (15N) was monitored over two months in each labeled acacia and four neighboring eucalypts. For both species, young leaves and tine roots were sampled at 7.14 and 30 days after injection. After 60 days. the x (15N) was determined in the wood, bark, branches, total foliage and fine roots of the 6 labeled acacias and 12 eucalypts trees The preliminary results showed that complete absorption of the labeled solution occurred between 28 and 60 days after labeling depending on Acacia trees and treatments. The dynamics in the proportion of Eucalyptus N derived from transfer will give insights into how this process may promote N nutrition of non-NFTs growing in unfertile tropical soils

Leishmaniose en Equateur : 4. Infestation naturelle du chien par Leishmania panamensis

Dans deux stations de la plaine côtière d'Equateur, région endémique de leishmaniose à #Leishmania panamensis, 34 chiens ont été contrôlés aux plans clinique, sérologique et parasitologique; des tests d'immunofluorescence indirecte et d'électrosynérèse, des ponctions ganglionnaires, des biopsies de lésions ont été pratiqués. De deux chiens présentant des lésions suspectes, un seul avait des lésions de la truffe et du scrotum infectées par des #Leishmania. La souche isolée a été rapportée à #L. panamensis (complexe #L. guyanensis). L'atteinte leishmanienne était strictement tégumentaire. Dans la zone d'étude, le chien semble un hôte accidentel. (Résumé d'auteur

Consequence of clear-cutting and drought on deep soil CO2 and N2O profile concentrations and surface fluxes in Brazilian eucalypt plantations

The major factors driving greenhouse gas effluxes from forest soils (substrate supply, temperature, water content) vary with soil depth. Our study aimed to assess the consequences of drought on the temporal variability of CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout very deep soil profiles in Eucalyptus grandis plantations at the end of the rotation and the first 16 months after clear-cut, in coppice. Two treatments were compared: one with 37% of throughfall excluded by plastic sheets (TE), and one without rain exclusion (WE). Every two weeks for 19 months, soil CO2 and N2O surface fluxes were measured using the closed-chamber method and the profile concentrations were measured at 7 depths in the soil down to 15.5m from in each treatment. CO2 and N2O concentrations measured in treatment TE were on average 17.3 and 5.8% lower than in treatment WE, respectively, throughout the soil profile. Across the two treatments, CO2 concentrations increased from 4102 ±2310 ppm at 10cm deep to 14480±2854 ppm at 15.5m and N2O concentrations remained roughly constant down to 15.5m. Improving our understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of gas concentrations in deep soil layers is an important issue for the management of tropical planted forests in the context of climate change. (Résumé d'auteur

Heparin and Heparan Sulfate: Analyzing Structure and Microheterogeneity [chapter]

available in PMC 2013 August 28The structural microheterogeneity of heparin and heparan sulfate is one of the major reasons for the multifunctionality exhibited by this class of molecules. In a physiological context, these molecules primarily exert their effects extracellularly by mediating key processes of cellular cross-talk and signaling leading to the modulation of a number of different biological activities including development, cell proliferation, and inflammation. This structural diversity is biosynthetically imprinted in a nontemplate-driven manner and may also be dynamically remodeled as cellular function changes. Understanding the structural information encoded in these molecules forms the basis for attempting to understand the complex biology they mediate. This chapter provides an overview of the origin of the structural microheterogeneity observed in heparin and heparan sulfate, and the orthogonal analytical methodologies that are required to help decipher this information

Dinâmica do nitrogênio em função da aplicação de lodos de esgoto em sistema de plantio direto.

Projeto/Plano de Ação: 01.09.10103-04

Pengendalian Frekuensi Dengan Menggunakan Kontrol Fuzzy Prediktif Pada Simulator Plant Turbin-Generator Pada PLTU

Sistem pembangkit dirasakan sangat perlu guna memenuhi kebutuhan tenaga listrik yang semakin meningkat, kestabilan sangat dibutuhkan pada proses pembangkit sehingga sistem pengendalian digunakan untuk menjaga variabel proses tersebut tetap stabil. Salah satunya adalah dengan melakukan pengendali frekuensi pada tubin-generator suatu pembangkit listik, contohnya PLTU (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap). Frekuensi dari turbin uap harus dijaga kestabilannya agar keluaran daya listrik di generator berjalan dengan baik. Fluktuasi frekuensi adalah salah satu kendala penyampaian daya listrik ke beban, juga waktu kembali yang tidak segera ke kondisi normal akan mengakibatkan kerusakan pada sistem seperti patahnya poros turbin-generator dan kemungkinan terjadi gangguan pada jaringan listrik, sehingga perlu dilakukan pengaturan laju aliran uap yang masuk ke turbin. Kontroler yang digunakan untuk menjaga Perubahan frekuensi adalah kontrol fuzzy prediktif, dengan penambahan gain K1 pada kontrol fuzzy prediktif sebesar 42.35 yang bekerja secara sucsessive kontroler ini dapat mengurangi error sebesar 1,04% jika sistem hanya menggunakan kontroler fuzzy pada saat terjadi Perubahan beban

Supporting shared hypothesis testing in the biomedical domain

Background: Pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases can be tracked by studying the causality relationships among the factors contributing to its development. We could, for instance, hypothesize on the connections of the pathogenesis outcomes to the observed conditions. And to prove such causal hypotheses we would need to have the full understanding of the causal relationships, and we would have to provide all the necessary evidences to support our claims. In practice, however, we might not possess all the background knowledge on the causality relationships, and we might be unable to collect all the evidence to prove our hypotheses. Results: In this work we propose a methodology for the translation of biological knowledge on causality relationships of biological processes and their effects on conditions to a computational framework for hypothesis testing. The methodology consists of two main points: hypothesis graph construction from the formalization of the background knowledge on causality relationships, and confidence measurement in a causality hypothesis as a normalized weighted path computation in the hypothesis graph. In this framework, we can simulate collection of evidences and assess confidence in a causality hypothesis by measuring it proportionally to the amount of available knowledge and collected evidences. Conclusions: We evaluate our methodology on a hypothesis graph that represents both contributing factors which may cause cartilage degradation and the factors which might be caused by the cartilage degradation during osteoarthritis. Hypothesis graph construction has proven to be robust to the addition of potentially contradictory information on the simultaneously positive and negative effects. The obtained confidence measures for the specific causality hypotheses have been validated by our domain experts, and, correspond closely to their subjective assessments of confidences in investigated hypotheses. Overall, our methodology for a shared hypothesis testing framework exhibits important properties that researchers will find useful in literature review for their experimental studies, planning and prioritizing evidence collection acquisition procedures, and testing their hypotheses with different depths of knowledge on causal dependencies of biological processes and their effects on the observed conditions