Kajian Efektifitas dan Efisiensi Saluran Sekunder Daerah Irigasi Begasing

Daerah Irigasi Begasing terletak di desa Sedahan Jaya kecamatan Sukadana memiliki luas areal pertanian sebesar 380 Ha dan merupakan daerah yang memiliki wilayah alam yang potensial untuk melakukan pengembangan di bidang pertanian khususnya tanaman pangan. Daerah Irigasi Begasing merupakan daerah irigasi semi teknis dengan sumber air yang berasal dari mata air lubuk baji. Debit air untuk mengairi sawah berkurang akibat adanya penebangan liar serta penggunaan air bersih untuk kebutuhan penduduk sekitar. Penurunan fungsi sarana dan prasarana juga terjadi di jaringan irigasi ini mengingat umur bangunan yang sudah termakan usia. Penelitian ini bertujuan agar diketahuinya ketersediaan air dan kebutuhan air irigasi sehingga dapat diketahui imbangan air, serta tingkat efektifitas dan efisiensi saluran primer daerah irigasi Begasing.Metode penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui instansi-instansi terkait berupa data topografi, data curah hujan bulanan,data klimatologi (suhu udara, penyinaran matahari, kelembaban udara, dan kecepatan angin). Data primer berupadata dimensi penampang saluran, kecepatan aliran di hulu bendung dan di saluran. Analisa yang dilakukan adalah analisa evapotranspirasi dengan metode Penmann Modifikasi FAO, ketersediaan air dengan metode Mock, analisa kebutuhan air irigasi, analisa imbangan air, serta analisa efektifitas dan efisiensi saluran sekunder Begasing. Debit andalan maksimum sebesar 0,364m3/detik pada bulan Desember, debit andalan minimum sebesar 0,029 m3/detik pada bulan Agustusdandebit padabulanpengukuranyaitubulanjanuarisebesar 0,0828 m3/detik. Kebutuhan air irigasi di bangunan pengambilan dengan pola tanam padi-padi adalah sebesar 0,632 m3/detikserta imbangan air yang defisit yaitu memiliki ketersediaan air yang lebih sedikit dari kebutuhan air irigasi. Luas areal minimum yang terairi melalui sistem irigasi adalah 129,58 ha atau hanya 34% dari total sawah. Efektifitas padasaluransekunder 1 adalah 0,33289 danpadasaluransekunder 2adalah 0,45816 makaefektifitassemuasaluran tidakmendekati 1 artinya besarnya debit rencana kurangdaridebit kapasitas. Ditinjau dari segi efisiensi, debit di saluran jauh lebih kecil dari debit yang direncanakan dengan tingkat efisiensi di saluran sekunder 1 yaitu 0,31021 dan di saluran sekunder 2 yaitu 0,16958, lebih kecil dari 1

Preliminary taxonomic survey and molecular documentation of jellyfish species (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa and Cubozoa) in Malaysia

Scientific enqumes into jellyfish blooms and associated problems in Malaysia are often deterred by the lack of taxonomical and ecological studies. To date, only two scyphozoan jellyfish species have been documented from field surveysin Malaysian waters, whereas other four Malaysian scyphozoan and two cubozoan jellyfish species have been mentioned in toxicological studies, all of which their species identity were not verified. Thus,this study aimed to document and to resolve the identification of jellyfish in Malaysia using morphology and molecular DNA sequencing of COl, 16Sand ITS1 regions. Jellyfish specimens were collected from 2008 to 2010 in the Straits of Malacca, South-China Sea and the Sulu-SulawesiSea. Ten scyphozoan and two cubozoan species were recorded, which included eight species from the order Rhizostomeae (Rhizostomatidae, Lobonematidae, Mastigiidae, Catostylidae and Cepheidae), two species from Semaestomeae (Pelagiidae and Cyaneidae) and two species from class Cubozoa; one from order Carybdeida (family Carukiidae) and another from order Chirodropida (family Chiropsalmidae). TheCOl phylogenetic tree of Cubozoa and Scyphozoa species from the Atlantic and Pacific region showed distinct clustering of sixMalaysian jellyfish species. However, most of the deeper divergences and relationships between the families were unresolved, which were also observed in the 16Sand ITS1 phylogenetic trees. The Malaysian edible species Lobonemoides robustus, Rhopilema hispidum and Rhopilema esculentum were proven to belong to Rhizostomeae, whereas other scyphozoans showed phylogenetic affinities to Semaestomeae and Kolpophorae. Chrysaora and Cyan eo appeared non -monophyletic, however their paraphyly was not confirmed. Although this study has provided much needed baseline information on the barcoding of Malaysian jellyfish species, there isstilla general lack of jellyfish sequences in GenBank to facilitate better species confirmation

Vegetal fibers in polymeric composites: a review

The need to develop and commercialize materials containing vegetal fibers has grown in order to reduce environmental impact and reach sustainability. Large amounts of lignocellulosic materials are generated around the world from several human activities. The lignocellulosic materials are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extractives and ashes. Recently these constituents have been used in different applications; in particular, cellulose has been the subject of numerous works on the development of composite materials reinforced with natural fibers. Many studies have led to composite materials reinforced with fibers to improve the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. Furthermore, lignocellulosic materials have been treated to apply in innovative solutions for efficient and sustainable systems. This paper aims to review the lignocellulosic fibers characteristics, as well as to present their applications as reinforcement in composites of different polymeric matrices.Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnologicoFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Embrapa Agroind Trop, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista UNESP, Fac Engn Guaratingueta, Dept Mat &Tecnol, Guaratingueta, SP, BrazilCtr Univ Volta Redonda UniFOA, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilDepartamento de Materiais e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Guaratinguetá, SP, BrazilFundacao Cearense deApoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico: DCR-0024-00522.01.00/12FAPESP: 2011/14.153-

Trends in mortality among ART-treated HIV-infected adults in the Asia-Pacific region between 1999 and 2017: results from the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) and Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) of IeDEA Asia-Pacific

INTRODUCTION: AIDS-related deaths in people living with HIV/AIDS have been decreasing in number since the introduction of combination antiretroviral treatment (cART). However, data on recent causes of death in the Asia-Pacific region are limited. Hence, we analysed and compared AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related mortality in high- and low-income settings in the region. METHODS: Patients from the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) and Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) receiving cART between 1999 and 2017 were included. Causes of death verification were based on review of the standardized Cause of Death (CoDe) form designed by the D:A:D group. Cohorts were grouped as AHOD (all high-income sites), TAHOD-high (high/upper-middle income countries) and TAHOD-low (lower-middle income countries). TAHOD sites were split into high/upper-middle income and lower-middle income country settings based on World Bank classifications. Competing risk regression was used to analyse factors associated with AIDS and non-AIDS-related mortality. RESULTS: Of 10,386 patients, 522 died; 187 from AIDS-related and 335 from non-AIDS-related causes. The overall incidence rate of deaths during follow-up was 0.28 per 100 person-years (/100 PYS) for AIDS and 0.51/100 PYS for non-AIDS. Analysis indicated that the incidence rate of non-AIDS mortality decreased from 0.78/100 PYS to 0.37/100 PYS from year groups 2003 to 2007 to 2013 to 2017 (p < 0.001). Similarly, incidence rates of AIDS-related deaths decreased from 0.51/100 PYS to 0.09/100 PYS from year groups 2003 to 2007 to 2013 to 2017 (p < 0.001). More recent years of follow-up were associated with reduced hazard for non-AIDS mortality (2008 to 2012: aSHR (adjusted sub-hazard ratio) 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54 to 0.96, p = 0.027; 2013 to 2017: aSHR 0.64, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.87, p = 0.004) compared to years 2003 to 2007. The AHOD cohort had almost twice the hazard of non-AIDS mortality compared to TAHOD-low (lower-middle income sites) (aSHR 1.72, 95% CI, 1.20 to 2.46, p = 0.003); there were no differences between cohorts for AIDS-related mortality (p = 0.834). CONCLUSION: AIDS and non-AIDS-related mortality rates have decreased over the past years in the Asia-Pacific region. There is a greater risk for non-AIDS-associated deaths in the AHOD cohort compared to lower-middle income settings in TAHOD

Efficacy of second-line antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV/AIDS in Asia: Results from the TREAT Asia HIV observational database

Roughly 4% of the 1.25 million patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Asia are using second-line therapy. To maximize patient benefit and regional resources, it is important to optimize the timing of second-line ART initiation and use the most effective compounds available. METHODS:: HIV-positive patients enrolled in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database who had used second-line ART for 6 months were included. ART use and rates and predictors of second-line treatment failure were evaluated. RESULTS:: There were 302 eligible patients. Most were male (76.5%) and exposed to HIV via heterosexual contact (71.5%). Median age at second-line initiation was 39.2 years, median CD4 cell count was 146 cells per cubic millimeter, and median HIV viral load was 16,224 copies per milliliter. Patients started second-line ART before 2007 (n = 105), 2007-2010 (n = 147) and after 2010 (n = 50). Ritonavir-boosted lopinavir and atazanavir accounted for the majority of protease inhibitor use after 2006. Median follow-up time on second-line therapy was 2.3 years. The rates of treatment failure and mortality per 100 patient/years were 8.8 (95% confidence interval: 7.1 to 10.9) and 1.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.6 to 1.9), respectively. Older age, high baseline viral load, and use of a protease inhibitor other than lopinavir or atazanavir were associated with a significantly shorter time to second-line failure. CONCLUSIONS:: Increased access to viral load monitoring to facilitate early detection of first-line ART failure and subsequent treatment switch is important for maximizing the durability of second-line therapy in Asia. Although second-line ART is highly effective in the region, the reported rate of failure emphasizes the need for third-line ART in a small portion of patients

Risk factors for poor outcomes in hospitalised COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundUnderstanding the risk factors for poor outcomes among COVID-19 patients could help identify vulnerable populations who would need prioritisation in prevention and treatment for COVID-19. We aimed to critically appraise and synthesise published evidence on the risk factors for poor outcomes in hospitalised COVID-19 patients.MethodsWe searched PubMed, medRxiv and the WHO COVID-19 literature database for studies that reported characteristics of COVID-19 patients who required hospitalisation. We included studies published between January and May 2020 that reported adjusted effect size of any demographic and/or clinical factors for any of the three poor outcomes: mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and invasive mechanical ventilation. We appraised the quality of the included studies using Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools and quantitatively synthesised the evidence through a series of random-effect meta-analyses. To aid data interpretation, we further developed an interpretation framework that indicated strength of the evidence, informed by both quantity and quality of the evidence.ResultsWe included a total of 40 studies in our review. Most of the included studies (29/40, 73%) were assessed as “good quality”, with assessment scores of 80 or more. We found that male sex (pooled odds ratio (OR) = 1.32 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.18-1.48; 20 studies), older age (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.04-1.07, per one year of age increase; 10 studies), obesity (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.02-2.48; 4 studies), diabetes (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.11-1.40; 11 studies) and chronic kidney diseases (6 studies; OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.27-1.93) were associated with increased risks for mortality with the greatest strength of evidence based on our interpretation framework. We did not find increased risk of mortality for several factors including chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (5 studies), cancer (4 studies), or current smoker (5 studies); however, this does not indicate absence of risk due to limited data on each of these factors.ConclusionMale sex, older age, obesity, diabetes and chronic kidney diseases are important risk factors of COVID-19 poor outcomes. Our review provides not only an appraisal and synthesis of evidence on the risk factors of COVID-19 poor outcomes, but also a data interpretation framework that could be adopted by relevant future research