First Report of Multiple Resistance in Galium aparine to ALS-Inhibiting and Auxin Analog Herbicides in Kermanshah, Iran

ABSTRACT: Catchweed Bedstraw (Galium aparine) is a problematic weed, which has become increasingly difficult to control with herbicides in Iran. The aim of this study was to screen selected putative-resistant populations of G. aparine for resistance to auxinic herbicides 2,4-D+MCPA and ALS-inhibiting herbicides sulfosulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium. Populations of G. aparine were collected from different wheat fields in the west of Kermanshah, where herbicide-use pattern is typical for Iran. Herbicide resistance to premixed herbicide 2,4-D+MCPA was confirmed in several populations. More populations of G. aparine showed cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides examined in this research. Some populations were found to have developed multiple resistant to both auxinic and ALS herbicides. Generally, the level of resistance to ALS-inhibitor herbicides was higher than that of auxin analog herbicides.</jats:p

First Report of Multiple Resistance in Galium aparine to ALS-Inhibiting and Auxin Analog Herbicides in Kermanshah, Iran

ABSTRACT: Catchweed Bedstraw (Galium aparine) is a problematic weed, which has become increasingly difficult to control with herbicides in Iran. The aim of this study was to screen selected putative-resistant populations of G. aparine for resistance to auxinic herbicides 2,4-D+MCPA and ALS-inhibiting herbicides sulfosulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium. Populations of G. aparine were collected from different wheat fields in the west of Kermanshah, where herbicide-use pattern is typical for Iran. Herbicide resistance to premixed herbicide 2,4-D+MCPA was confirmed in several populations. More populations of G. aparine showed cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides examined in this research. Some populations were found to have developed multiple resistant to both auxinic and ALS herbicides. Generally, the level of resistance to ALS-inhibitor herbicides was higher than that of auxin analog herbicides.</div

Učinki različnih odmerkov dušika na fitotoksičnost nekaterih alelopatičnih poljščin

Intensive usage of herbicides can result in the serious negative impacts on environment. Allelopathy by reducing seed germination and early seedling growth can play a fundamental role in suppressing weeds in crop fields. The effectiveness of allelochemicals is governed by different factors such as soil nutrient status, pH and microorganisms. Outdoor pot experiments were conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran, in 2013, to evaluate the effects of different levels of N fertilizer (0, 150, 300 kg ha-1) on the suppressing effects of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plant materials on emergence and growth parameters of some weed species including Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Results indicated that adding plant materials of tobacco, sorghum, and alfalfa substantially reduced seed germination and early growth of the tested weeds. However, the weed species responded differently to the presence of the allelopathic plant materials. The use of N fertilizer had significant effects on the inhibitory potentials of the allelopathic plants. However, we didn\u27t find consistent trends regarding the responses of the allelopathic crops to elevated N fertilizer levels in related to the traits under study.Intenzivna raba herbicidov ima lahko resne negativne vplive na okolje. Z zmanjševanjem kalitve in začetne rasti lahko igra alelopatija pomembno vlogo pri zatiranju plevelov. Na učinkovitost alelokemikalij vplivajo številni dejavniki kot so količina hranil v tleh, pH in mikroorganizmi. Na Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran, je bil v letu 2013 izveden lončni poskus na prostem, z namenom ovrednotenja različnih odmerkov N gnojil (0, 150, 300 kg ha-1) na zaviralni učinek lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), navadnega sirka (Sorghum bicolor L.), in navadnega tobaka (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Po dodatku zmletih nadzemnih delov teh poljščin so spremljali vznik in rastne parameter treh plevelov, divjega sirka (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.), navadne kostrebe (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) in navadnega ščira (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Rezultati so pokazali, da je dodatek navadnega tobaka, navadnega sirka in lucerne znatno zmanšal kalitev in zgodnjo rast testiranih treh plevelov. Testirani pleveli so se različno odzvali na dodatke alelopatskih rastlinskih ostankov. Uporaba dušičnih gnojil je imela značilen učinek na inhibitorni potencial alelopatskih rastlin, vendar niso uspeli ugotoviti konsistentnega trenda med odzivi plevelov na dodatke alelopatskih rastlin in povečanimi odmerki dušičnih gnojil

Germination and seedling growth of corn (Zea mays) and some weed species in response to treatment with common vetch (Vicia sativa) and rye (Secale cereal) extracts

Allelopathey is a biological process including interactions between two plants through the production of chemical compounds (allelochemicals) which can diminish weed problems. Both common vetch (Vicia sativa) and rye (Secale cereal) have shown strong allelopathic effects on many weed species. In order to assess the phytotoxic potential of rye and common vetch water extract on corn and some weed species, an experiment was conducted in the Seed Research Laboratory of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2012. Water extracts of common vetch and ryewere used as pure or mixed. Plant species under study consisted of corn and some weed species including green foxtail, redroot pigweed, lamb\u27s quarters, barnyard grass and common cocklebur which are commonly dominant weeds of corn fields in the region. The results showed that the germination of weed species were completely inhibited by water extracts of rye and common vetch in pure or mixed treatment. Vetch extract did not significantly affect corn germination percentage, whereas, this trait was significantly influenced by rye and mixed treatments as compared with control

Germination and seedling growth of corn (Zea mays) and some weed species in response to treatment with common vetch (Vicia sativa) and rye (Secale cereale) extracts

Allelopathy is a biological process including interactions between two plants through the production of chemical compounds (allelochemicals) which can diminish weed problems. Both common vetch (Vicia sativa) and rye (Secale cereale) have shown strong allelopathic effects on many weed species. In order to assess the phytotoxic potential of rye and common vetch water extracts on corn and some weed species, an experiment was conducted in the Seed Research Laboratory of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2012. Water extracts of common vetch and rye were used as pure or mixed. Plant species under study consisted of corn and some weed species including green foxtail, redroot pigweed, lamb\u27s quarters, barnyard grass and common cocklebur which are commonly dominant weeds of corn fields in the region. The results showed that the germination of weed species were completely inhibited by water extracts of rye and common vetch in pure or mixed treatment. Vetch extract did not significantly affect corn germination percentage, whereas, this trait was significantly influenced by rye and mixed treatments as compared with control

Artificial neural network potential in yield prediction of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) influenced by weed interference

This study was conducted to predict the yield and biomass of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) af- fected by weeds using artificial neural network and multiple regression models. Systematic sampling was done at 184 sampling points at the 8-leaf to early-flowering and at lentil maturity. The weed density and height as well as canopy cover of the weeds and lentil were measured in the first sampling stage. In addition, weed species richness, diversity and even- ness were calculated. The measured variables in the first sampling stage were considered as predictive variables. In the second sampling stage, lentil yield and biomass dry weight were recorded at the same sampling points as the first sampling stage. The lentil yield and biomass were considered as dependent variables. The model input data included the total raw and standardized variables of the first sampling stage, as well as the raw and stan- dardized variables with a significant relationship to the lentil yield and biomass extracted from stepwise regression and correlation methods. The results showed that neural network prediction accuracy was significantly more than multiple regression. The best network in predicting yield of lentil was the principal component analysis network (PCA), made from total standardized data, with a correlation coefficient of 80% and normalized root mean square error of 5.85%. These values in the best network (a PCA neural network made from standardized data with significant relationship to lentil biomass) were 79% and 11.36% for lentil biomass prediction, respectively. Our results generally showed that the neural net- work approach could be used effectively in lentil yield prediction under weed interference conditions

Cytotoxic effects of chloridazon-loaded alginate-chitosan nanocapsules on the 4T1 breast cancer cell line.

Background: Chloridazon belongs to the pyridazinone group of herbicides. Pyridazinone derivatives are known to have various pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer effects. Therefore, our study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity, apoptotic, anti-metastasis, and anti-angiogenesis effects of chloridazon-loaded alginate-chitosan nanocapsules on the 4T1 breast cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: The 4T1 cell line was cultured in RPMI 1640 media and treated with different concentrations of chloridazon-loaded alginate-chitosan nanocapsules. Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT assay, while cell vitality was assessed using the NR uptake assay. Apoptosis was induced and observed through acridine orange and propidium iodide staining. Furthermore, the expression levels of genes associated with metastasis (MMP-2 & MMP-9) and angiogenesis (VEGF-A) were analyzed using the RT-PCR technique. Results: The chloridazon-loaded nanocapsules displayed increased cytotoxicity on the 4T1 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. As the treatment dose increased, both cell viability and vitality decreased. The IC50 of the nanoformulation was measured as 74 μg/ml based on the dose-response curve. Additionally, the nanoformulation was found to induce apoptosis and decrease the expression levels of genes related to metastasis (MMP-2 & MMP-9) and angiogenesis (VEGF-A). Notably, the doses of 100 μg/ml and 160 μg/ml of the nanoformulation exhibited the most significant effects. Conclusion: Our findings reveal that the chloridazon-loaded alginate -chitosan nanocapsules have the potential to exert cytotoxic effects on the 4T1 breast cancer cell line