KEMITRAAN JANGKA PANJANG TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BISNIS PADA UMKM DI ERA DIGITAL

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara empiris dan memberikan kontribusi terhadap pemahaman tentang kemitraan jangka panjang dan pertumbuhan bisnis UMKM di era digital. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif melalui tinjauan literatur, dengan pengumpulan dan analisis berbagai sumber akademik dan praktis. Sampel literatur terdiri dari jurnal ilmiah, buku, dan laporan penelitian relevan, terutama dari studi yang diterbitkan dalam lima tahun terakhir. Analisis dilakukan dengan pendekatan tematik untuk mengidentifikasi pola dan hubungan antara kemitraan jangka panjang dan pertumbuhan UMKM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemitraan jangka panjang berperan signifikan dalam mendukung pertumbuhan UMKM, khususnya dengan meningkatkan akses ke sumber daya, teknologi, dan jaringan pasar. Selain itu, digitalisasi menjadi katalis utama yang memperkuat efektivitas kemitraan. Temuan ini memberikan bukti empiris tentang pentingnya hubungan strategis dan teknologi dalam meningkatkan kinerja bisnis UMKM. Penelitian ini menjelaskan perspektif baru mengenai interaksi antara kemitraan jangka panjang dan pertumbuhan bisnis UMKM dalam konteks digital. Melalui analisis mendalam tentang nilai bersama dalam kemitraan, penelitian ini memperluas cakrawala pengetahuan dalam bidang manajemen dan memberikan kontribusi unik pada literatur yang ada. Implikasi praktis dan kebijakan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa UMKM perlu aktif membangun kemitraan strategis jangka panjang serta mengadopsi teknologi digital untuk meningkatkan kolaborasi dan pertumbuhan bisnis. Dengan memanfaatkan alat digital, UMKM dapat memperlancar operasi, meningkatkan berbagi sumber daya, dan memperluas akses pasar. Selain itu, pembuat kebijakan perlu menciptakan lingkungan yang mendukung kolaborasi antara UMKM dan mitra strategis serta memberikan akses terhadap sumber daya digital yang diperlukan untuk memperkuat kemitraan. Penelitian ini memberikan arahan bagi studi lanjutan tentang strategi kemitraan yang efektif di tengah perkembangan pesat dalam konteks digital

Breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: The UK experience. Recommendations on its management and implications for informed consent

BACKGROUND: Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising in the capsule of breast implants. BIA-ALCL presents as a recurrent effusion and/or mass. Tumours exhibit CD30 expression and are negative for Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK). We report the multi-disciplinary management of the UK series and how the stage of disease may be used to stratify treatment. METHODS: Between 2012 and 2016, 23 cases of BIA-ALCL were diagnosed in 15 regional centres throughout the UK. Data on breast implant surgeries, clinical features, treatment and follow-up were available for 18 patients. RESULTS: The mean lead-time from initial implant insertion to diagnosis was 10 years (range: 3-16). All cases were observed in patients with textured breast implants or expanders. Fifteen patients with breast implants presented with stage I disease (capsule confined), and were treated with implant removal and capsulectomy. One patient received adjuvant chest-wall radiotherapy. Three patients presented with extra-capsular masses (stage IIA). In addition to explantation, capsulectomy and excision of the mass, all patients received neo-/adjuvant chemotherapy with CHOP as first line. One patient progressed on CHOP but achieved pathological complete response (pCR) with Brentuximab Vedotin. After a mean follow-up of 23 months (range: 1-56) all patients reported here remain disease-free. DISCUSSION: BIA-ALCL is a rare neoplasm with a good prognosis. Our data support the recommendation that stage I disease be managed with surgery alone. Adjuvant chemotherapy may be required for more invasive disease and our experience has shown the efficacy of Brentuximab as a second line treatment

Breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: The UK experience. Recommendations on its management and implications for informed consent.

Background Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising in the capsule of breast implants. BIA-ALCL presents as a recurrent effusion and/or mass. Tumours exhibit CD30 expression and are negative for Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK). We report the multi-disciplinary management of the UK series and how the stage of disease may be used to stratify treatment.Methods Between 2012 and 2016, 23 cases of BIA-ALCL were diagnosed in 15 regional centres throughout the UK. Data on breast implant surgeries, clinical features, treatment and follow-up were available for 18 patients.Results The mean lead-time from initial implant insertion to diagnosis was 10 years (range: 3-16). All cases were observed in patients with textured breast implants or expanders. Fifteen patients with breast implants presented with stage I disease (capsule confined), and were treated with implant removal and capsulectomy. One patient received adjuvant chest-wall radiotherapy. Three patients presented with extra-capsular masses (stage IIA). In addition to explantation, capsulectomy and excision of the mass, all patients received neo-/adjuvant chemotherapy with CHOP as first line. One patient progressed on CHOP but achieved pathological complete response (pCR) with Brentuximab Vedotin. After a mean follow-up of 23 months (range: 1-56) all patients reported here remain disease-free.Discussion BIA-ALCL is a rare neoplasm with a good prognosis. Our data support the recommendation that stage I disease be managed with surgery alone. Adjuvant chemotherapy may be required for more invasive disease and our experience has shown the efficacy of Brentuximab as a second line treatment

Endostatin gene variation and protein levels in breast cancer susceptibility and severity

BACKGROUND: Endostatin is a potent endogenous anti-angiogenic agent which inhibits tumour growth. A non-synonymous coding polymorphism in the Endostatin gene is thought to affect Endostatin activity. We aimed to determine the role of this Endostatin polymorphism in breast cancer pathogenesis and any influence on serum Endostatin levels in healthy volunteers. Endostatin protein expression on a breast cancer micro array was also studied to determine any relationship to genotype and to breast cancer prognosis. METHODS: The 4349G > A (coding non-synonymous) polymorphism in exon 42 of the Endostatin gene was genotyped in approximately 846 breast cancer cases and 707 appropriate controls. In a separate healthy cohort of 57 individuals, in addition to genotyping, serum Endostatin levels were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). A semi-quantitative assessment of Endostatin protein expression on immunostained tissue micro arrays (TMA) constructed from breast cancer samples of patients with genotype data was performed. RESULTS: The rare allele (A) was significantly associated with invasive breast cancers compared to non-invasive tumours (p = 0.03), but there was no association with tumour grade, nodal status, vascular invasion or overall survival. There was no association with breast cancer susceptibility. Serum Endostatin levels and Endostatin protein expression on the tissue micro array were not associated with genotype. CONCLUSION: The Endostatin 4349A allele is associated with invasive breast cancer. The Endostatin 4349G > A polymorphism however does not appear to be associated with breast cancer susceptibility or severity in invasive disease. By studying circulating levels and tumour Endostatin protein expression, we have shown that any influence of this polymorphism is unlikely to be through an effect on the levels of protein produced

The allelic distribution of -308 Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha gene polymorphism in South African women with cervical cancer and control women

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cervical cancer is due to infection with specific high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Although the incidence of genital HPV infection in various population groups is high, most of these regress without intervention. Investigating genetic host factors and cellular immune responses, particularly cytokines, could help to understand the association between genital HPV infection and carcinogenesis. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) cytokine plays an important role in all stages of cervical cancer and has the ability to induce the regression of human tumors. Therefore the aim of the study was to investigate the allelic distribution of -308 TNF-α gene polymorphism in South African women with cervical cancer compared to control women.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Included in our study were women with histologically proven cancer of the cervix (n = 244) and hospital-based controls (n = 228). All patients and controls were from mixed race and black population groups in South Africa. The detection of a bi-allelic -308 (A/G) polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF-α was investigated using the amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) technique. The distributions of the allelic frequencies were stratified in both patients and controls into two South African ethnic population groups.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this study we observed no association between the distribution of -308 TNF-α polymorphism and the risk of developing cervical cancer even after combining the data from the two ethnic populations (X²= 2.26). In addition, using the chi-squared test we found no significant association between the known risk factors for cervical cancer and the allele distribution of -308 TNF-α. However, the frequency of the rare high-producing allele -308A of TNF-α was significantly lower in the South African population when compared to Caucasians and Chinese population groups.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We demonstrated no association between -308 TNF-α polymorphism and the risk of cervical cancer among two South African ethnic population groups. However, as the distribution of the -308A TNF-α was notably different between the control groups of South Africa and other population groups this result suggests that ethnic disparity may influence the levels of TNF-α produced.</p

Interleukin gene polymorphisms and breast cancer: a case control study and systematic literature review

BACKGROUND: Interleukins and cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of many solid cancers. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in cytokine genes are thought to influence the expression or function of these proteins and many have been evaluated for their role in inflammatory disease and cancer predisposition. The aim of this study was to evaluate any role of specific SNPs in the interleukin genes IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN, IL4R, IL6 and IL10 in predisposition to breast cancer susceptibility and severity. METHODS: Candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in key cytokine genes were genotyped in breast cancer patients and in appropriate healthy volunteers who were similar in age, race and sex. Genotyping was performed using a high throughput allelic discrimination method. Data on clinico-pathological details and survival were collected. A systematic review of Medline English literature was done to retrieve previous studies of these polymorphisms in breast cancer. RESULTS: None of the polymorphisms studied showed any overall predisposition to breast cancer susceptibility, severity or to time to death or occurrence of distant metastases. The results of the systematic review are summarised. CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms within key interleukin genes (IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN, IL4R, IL6 and IL10 do not appear to play a significant overall role in breast cancer susceptibility or severity