Kajian Sosioekonomi Eksistensi Umbul Senjaya Kabupaten Semarang

This research is motivated from the existence of Senjaya Springs where can survive even only supported by community with limited capabilities. Therefore this study aims to: (1) determine the patterns of how myth affect the sustainability of Senjaya Springs until today. (2) Determine any motive and motivation behind the individual to perform the ritual. (3) Based on the motives anf motivation of preparators, whether the practice of Tapa Kungkum can be said to be rational when viewed from an economic standpoint.The focus of the analysis in this study is, what affects the existence of te springs and what the socioeconomic impacts for the community. Thus the informant targeted are : (1) person who knows the ins and out of Senjaya Spring. (2) Person directly affected by existence of Senjaya Springs. This study used a qualitative method using a phenomenological approach and historical narrative. The data in this Senjaya Springs study were collated by using several methods, namely : (1) in-depth interviews and unstructured interviews; and (2) participant observation.The results showed that: (1) there are 3 patterns of myth in maintaining the existence of Senjaya Springs. (2) There are 4 motives and motivations from two types of visitor in Senjaya Springs. (3) Tapa Kungkum regarded as a rational choice. The recommendations idea given to the village officer: (1) need serious management and development for tourist destination. (2) The need for adding infrastructure to facilitate for ritual actors at night

KAJIAN SOSIOEKONOMI EKSISTENSI UMBUL SENJAYA KABUPATENSEMARANG

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi dari keberlangsungan Umbul Senjaya di mana masih dapat bertahan walaupun hanya ditopang oleh masyarakat dengan semampunya. Maka dari itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : (1) mengetahui bagaimana pola mitos mempengaruhi keberlangsungan Umbul Senjaya sampai saat ini. (2) Mengetahui apa saja motif dan motivasi yang melatarbelakangi individu untuk melakukan ritual. (3) Berdasar motif dan motivasi pelaku apakah praktek dari Tapa Kungkum yang merupakan sebuah hasil dari mitos dapat dikatakan rasional bila dilihat dari sudut pandang ekonomi. Fokus analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah apa yang mempengaruhi eksistensi umbul dan dampak sosioekonominya bagi masyarakat. Maka dari itu informan yang dituju adalah: (1) orang yang mengetahui seluk belum Umbul Senjaya. (2) Orang yang terdampak langsung dari eksistensi Umbul Senjaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi dan historis naratif. Untuk mengetahui pola mitos dengan keberlangsungan Umbul Senjaya maka data diambil dengan metode, yaitu: (1) wawancara mendalam dan wawancara tidak tersetruktur; serta (2) observasi partisipan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) terdapat 3 pola mitos dalam mempertahankan keberlangsungan Umbul Senjaya. (2) Terdapat 4 motif dan motivasi dari 2 jenis pengunjung yang ada di Umbul Senjaya. (3) Tapa Kungkum dianggap sebagai pilihan yang rasional. Saran-saran yang diberikan kepada pihak pengelola: (1) Perlu adanya pengelolaan dan pembangunan destinasi wisata yang serius. (2) Perlu adanya tambahan sarana prasarana yang dikhususkan untuk memudahkan para pelaku ritual pada malam hari

Kajian Sosioekonomi Eksistensi Umbul Senjaya Kabupaten Semarang

This research is motivated from the existence of Senjaya Springs where can survive even only supported by community with limited capabilities. Therefore this study aims to: (1) determine the patterns of how myth affect the sustainability of Senjaya Springs until today. (2) Determine any motive and motivation behind the individual to perform the ritual. (3) Based on the motives anf motivation of preparators, whether the practice of Tapa Kungkum can be said to be rational when viewed from an economic standpoint.The focus of the analysis in this study is, what affects the existence of te springs and what the socioeconomic impacts for the community. Thus the informant targeted are : (1) person who knows the ins and out of Senjaya Spring. (2) Person directly affected by existence of Senjaya Springs. This study used a qualitative method using a phenomenological approach and historical narrative. The data in this Senjaya Springs study were collated by using several methods, namely : (1) in-depth interviews and unstructured interviews; and (2) participant observation.The results showed that: (1) there are 3 patterns of myth in maintaining the existence of Senjaya Springs. (2) There are 4 motives and motivations from two types of visitor in Senjaya Springs. (3) Tapa Kungkum regarded as a rational choice. The recommendations idea given to the village officer: (1) need serious management and development for tourist destination. (2) The need for adding infrastructure to facilitate for ritual actors at night.Keywords : Senjaya Springs, Myth, Socio-economic, Rational Choice TheoryJEL Classification : Z1

The Prognostic Implications of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are an important histopathologic feature of colorectal cancer that confer prognostic information. Previous clinical and epidemiologic studies have found that the presence and quantification of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are significantly associated with disease-specific and overall survival in colorectal cancer. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis, establishing pooled estimates for survival outcomes based on the presence of TILs in colon cancer. PubMed (Medline), Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to April 2017. Studies were included, in which the prognostic significance of intratumoral tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, as well as subsets of CD3, CD8, FOXP3, CD45R0 lymphocytes, were determined within the solid tumor center, the invasive margin, and tumor stroma. Random-effects models were calculated to estimated summary effects using hazard ratios. Forty-three relevant studies describing 21,015 patients were included in our meta-analysis. The results demonstrate that high levels of generalized TILS as compared to low levels had an improved overall survival (OS) with a HR of 0.65 (p = <0.01). In addition, histologically localized CD3+ T-cells at the tumor center were significantly associated with better disease-free survival (HR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.36-0.61, p = 0.05), and CD3 + cells at the invasive margin were associated with improved disease-free survival (HR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.38-0.86, p = 0.05). CD8+ T-cells at the tumor center had statistically significant prognostic value on cancer-specific survival and overall survival with HRs of 0.65 (p = 0.02) and 0.71 (p < 0.01), respectively. Lastly, FOXP3+ T-cells at the tumor center were associated with improved prognosis for cancer-specific survival (HR = 0.65, p < 0.01) and overall survival (HR = 0.70, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that TILs and specific TIL subsets serve as prognostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer

Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets

Birth characteristics and risk of colorectal cancer: a study among Swedish twins

Type-2 diabetes increases the risk of colorectal cancer, and is also associated with low birth weight. However, we found no evidence of associations between birth characteristics and risk of colorectal cancer (m=248) among Swedish twins

Heterozygote advantage at HLA class I and II loci and reduced risk of colorectal cancer

Objective: Reduced diversity at Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) loci may adversely affect the host's ability to recognize tumor neoantigens and subsequently increase disease burden. We hypothesized that increased heterozygosity at HLA loci is associated with a reduced risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: We imputed HLA class I and II four-digit alleles using genotype data from a population-based study of 5,406 cases and 4,635 controls from the Molecular Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Study (MECC). Heterozygosity at each HLA locus and the number of heterozygous genotypes at HLA class -I (A, B, and C) and HLA class -II loci (DQB1, DRB1, and DPB1) were quantified. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the risk of CRC associated with HLA heterozygosity. Individuals with homozygous genotypes for all loci served as the reference category, and the analyses were adjusted for sex, age, genotyping platform, and ancestry. Further, we investigated associations between HLA diversity and tumor-associated T cell repertoire features, as measured by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs; N=2,839) and immunosequencing (N=2,357). Results: Individuals with all heterozygous genotypes at all three class I genes had a reduced odds of CRC (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.56-0.97, p= 0.031). A similar association was observed for class II loci, with an OR of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.60-0.95, p= 0.016). For class-I and class-II combined, individuals with all heterozygous genotypes had significantly lower odds of developing CRC (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49-0.87, p= 0.004) than those with 0 or one heterozygous genotype. HLA class I and/or II diversity was associated with higher T cell receptor (TCR) abundance and lower TCR clonality, but results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our findings support a heterozygote advantage for the HLA class-I and -II loci, indicating an important role for HLA genetic variability in the etiology of CRC

Lymphocytic infiltration in stage II microsatellite stable colorectal tumors: A retrospective prognosis biomarker analysis

Background: Identifying stage II patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) at higher risk of progression is a clinical priority in order to optimize the advantages of adjuvant chemotherapy while avoiding unnecessary toxicity. Recently, the intensity and the quality of the host immune response in the tumor microenvironment have been reported to have an important role in tumorigenesis and an inverse association with tumor progression. This association is well established in microsatellite instable CRC. In this work, we aim to assess the usefulness of measures of T-cell infiltration as prognostic biomarkers in 640 stage II, CRC tumors, 582 of them confirmed microsatellite stable. Methods and findings: We measured both the quantity and clonality index of T cells by means of T-cell receptor (TCR) immunosequencing in a discovery dataset (95 patients with colon cancer diagnosed at stage II and microsatellite stable, median age 67, 30% women) and replicated the results in 3 additional series of stage II patients from 2 countries. Series 1 and 2 were recruited in Barcelona, Spain and included 112 fresh frozen (FF, median age 69, 44% women) and 163 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE, median age 67, 39% women) samples, respectively. Series 3 included 270 FFPE samples from patients recruited in Haifa, Northern Israel, as part of a large case-control study of CRC (median age 73, 46% women). Median follow-up time was 81.1 months. Cox regression models were fitted to evaluate the prognostic value of T-cell abundance and Simpson clonality of TCR variants adjusting by sex, age, tumor location, and stage (IIA and IIB). In the discovery dataset, higher TCR abundance was associated with better prognosis (hazard ratio [HR] for ≥Q1 = 0.25, 95% CI 0.10-0.63, P = 0.003). A functional analysis of gene expression on these tumors revealed enrichment in pathways related to immune response. Higher values of clonality index (lower diversity) were not associated with worse disease-free survival, though the HR for ≥Q3 was 2.32 (95% CI 0.90-5.97, P = 0.08). These results were replicated in an independent FF dataset (TCR abundance: HR = 0.30, 95% CI 0.12-0.72, P = 0.007; clonality: HR = 3.32, 95% CI 1.38-7.94, P = 0.007). Also, the association with prognosis was tested in 2 independent FFPE datasets. The same association was observed with TCR abundance (HR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.18-0.93, P = 0.03 and HR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.31-1, P = 0.042, respectively, for each FFPE dataset). However, the clonality index was associated with prognosis only in the FFPE dataset from Israel (HR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.39-4.32, P = 0.002). Finally, a combined analysis combining all microsatellite stable (MSS) samples demonstrated a clear prognosis value both for TCR abundance (HR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.26-0.57, P = 1.3e-06) and the clonality index (HR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.44-3.15, P = 0.0002). These associations were also observed when variables were considered continuous in the models (HR per log2 of TCR abundance = 0.85, 95% CI 0.78-0.93, P = 0.0002; HR per log2 or clonality index = 1.16, 95% CI 1.03-1.31, P = 0.016). Limitations: This is a retrospective study, and samples had been preserved with different methods. Validation series lack complete information about microsatellite instability (MSI) status and pathology assessment. The Molecular Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer (MECC) study had information about overall survival instead of progression-free survival. Conclusion: Results from this study demonstrate that tumor lymphocytes, assessed by TCR repertoire quantification based on a sequencing method, are an independent prognostic factor in microsatellite stable stage II CRC