Effect Of Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana) Peel Extract Towards CD8 + T Lymphocytes And CD8 + CD38 Expression In HIV Patients With Antiretroviral Therapy

ABSTRACT Background : HIV/AIDS still being an emerging disease and the AIDS epidemic in Indonesia is one of the fastest growing in Asia. Humans infected with HIV have been shown to be under chronic oxidative stress. Antioxidant, may have a role in the treatment of HIV infection. Experimental studies have shown that obtained xanthones from mangosteen have remarkable biological activities as antioxidant. Methods : 40 HIV-positive patients with antiretroviral therapy randomized and divided into two group; treatment group (n=20) and placebo group (n=20). Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel extract given in dose 3x800 mg for 30 days as same as placebo. The number of CD8 + T cells and CD8 + CD38 expression measures before and after treatment by FacsCalibur Becton-Dickinson flowcytometry. Results : There were no significant changes in the number of CD8 + T cells from baseline (p=0.601) and no significant differences changes of CD8 + T cells between extract group compare to placebo group (p=0.703). There were significant decrease in the level of of CD38 expression from baseline (p=0.001) but there were no significant differences from extract group compare to placebo group (p=0.495). Conclussion : Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel extract has no effects towards the number of CD8 + T lymphocytes and the level of CD8 + CD38 expression in HIV patients with antiretroviral therapy. Keywords : HIV, mangosteen peel extract, CD8 + T cells, CD8 + CD38 expression

THE USE OF SONGS TO INCREASE ENGLISH VOCABULARY TO THE FIRST GRADE STUDENTS OF SDN TUGU JEBRES NO.120 SURAKARTA

This report is written based on the job training activities done by the writer as an English Teacher in SDN Tugu Jebres No.120 Surakarta. The purpose of this report is to describe the use of songs to improve English vocabulary to the first grade student. Using songs can be good alternation to teach English to young learners because children like songs. In many cultures, songs are used to introduce or practice mother tongue to young children. By implementing the songs, the students are easier in understanding the meaning of the words and memorizing the vocabulary. It happened because first, songs are consisted of special rhythm that stimulates the brain to catch the lyrics. Second, there are many word repetitions in songs that is very helpful for young learners to memorize the new vocabulary. Third, singing is a happy and stress-free activity that brings different atmosphere in theclassroom so that the students feel more interested in learning English vocabulary. Songs are a motivating and enjoyable aid to learn language. Singing many English songs could add the students’ vocabularies. As the result, the scores of English is increasing well. Songs increase English vocabulary students

PERBEDAAN PENERAPAN METODE PEMBELAJARAN RECIPROCAL TEACHING DAN TUTOR SEBAYA TERHADAPMOTIVASI DAN PRESTASI BELAJAR KIMIA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS X SEMESTER 2 MADRASAH ALIYAH ALI MAKSUM YOGYAKARTA TAHUN AJARAN 2011/2012

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya perbedaan yang positif dan signifikan dalam motivasi dan prestasi belajar kimia peserta didik kelas X Semester 2 MA Ali Maksum Yogyakarta Tahun Ajaran 2011/2012 setelah mengikuti pembelajaran menggunakan metode ekspositori, reciprocal teaching dan tutor sebaya jika pengetahuan awal peserta didik dikendalikan secara statistik. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian factorial experimental designs dengan desain (1) tiga faktor tiga sampel, (2) tiga faktor, tiga sampel dan satu kovariabel. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh peserta didik kelas X MA Ali Maksum Yogyakarta yang berjumlah 196 peserta didik dan terbagi dalam 7 kelas. Sampel terdiri dari tiga kelas, yaitu 1 kelas kontrol dan 2 kelas eksperimen. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan analisis varian (anava) dan analisis kovarian (anakova). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (a) tidak ada perbedaan motivasi belajar kimia antara peserta didik kelas X Semester 2 MA Ali Maksum Yogyakarta Tahun Ajaran 2011/2012 yang mengikuti pembelajaran kimia menggunakan metode reciprocal teaching, tutor sebaya, dan ekspositori (b) tidak ada perbedaan prestasi belajar kimia antara peserta didik kelas X Semester 2 MA Ali Maksum Yogyakarta Tahun Ajaran 2011/2012 yang mengikuti pembelajaran kimia menggunakan metode reciprocal teaching dan metode ekspositori jika pengetahuan awal peserta didik dikendailkan secara statistik (c) ada perbedaan prestasi belajar kimia antara peserta didik kelas X Semester 2 MA Ali Maksum Yogyakarta Tahun Ajaran 2011/2012 yang mengikuti pembelajaran kimia menggunakan metode tutor sebaya dan metode ekspositori jika pengetahuan awal peserta didik dikendailkan secara statistik (d) ada perbedaan prestasi belajar kimia antara peserta didik kelas X Semester 2 MA Ali Maksum Yogyakarta Tahun Ajaran 2011/2012 yang mengikuti pembelajaran kimia menggunakan metode reciprocal teaching dan metode tutor sebaya jika pengetahuan awal peserta didik dikendailkan secara statistik. Kata kunci: reciprocal teaching, tutor sebaya, ekspositori, motivasi belajar, prestasi belajar

ANIMATION VIDEO TO IMPROVE STUDENTS' VOCABULARY MASTERY

Abstract: This research aims to identify whether or not and to what extent animation video can improve students' vocabulary mastery. This is a Classroom Action Research conducted at the sixth grade students of MIN Nglungge, Polanharjo. There were 2 cycles and each cycle consists of five steps, namely; (1) planning the action, (2) implementing the action, (3) observing the action, (4) reflecting the result of the observation, (5) revising of the action. The result of the research shows that animation video can improve the students' vocabulary mastery. It could be seen from these indicators: (a) students could spell the vocabularies; (b) most students were able to pronounce words correctly; (c) students could grasp the meaning well; and (d) students could recognize vocabularies. In line with the result, the writer suggests that animation video is one of the effective techniques in presentations as to increase the students' enthusiasm and their achievement in learning vocabulary. This result hopefully will motivate teachers to use animation video in teaching vocabulary to young learners. Key words: animation video, teaching vocabulary, vocabulary master

IMPROVING THE FOURTH GRADE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILLS THROUGH BOARD GAMES AT SD MUHAMMADIYAH PEPE BANTUL YOGYAKARTA

This study was aimed at improving the fourth grade students’ speaking skills through board games at SD Muhammadiyah Pepe, Bantul Yogyakarta. Based on the preliminary observation, there were some problems in the teaching and learning of speaking. They dealt with students’ speaking skills related to students’ participation, confidence, comprehension, fluency, vocabulary, pronunciation and grammatical accuracy. The solution for these problems was applying board games and other actions that supported the games’ role in solving the problems. This study is action research. This research consisted of two cycles with three meetings in each cycle. The subjects of the research were the fourth grade students of SD Muhammadiyah Pepe, the English teacher as the collaborator and the researcher. The data collection techniques were observations, interviews and tests. Hence, the data were in the form of field notes, interview transcripts and students’ speaking scores. In analyzing those data, two methods were used. The qualitative data were analyzed in five steps, i.e. assembling the data, coding the data, comparing the data, building interpretations, and reporting the outcomes. The quantitative data in the form of pre-test and post-test scores were analyzed by comparing the mean scores. The result of the research showed that the use of board games in combination with applying various media in the presentation, using songs, using classroom English, and conducting listening activities was able to improve students’ speaking skills. Based on the qualitative data, the students could respond to the language functions appropriately, speak at the normal speech without pausing for words, say the language function in correct pronunciation and appropriate intonation, and use the language functions without grammatical errors. They also enthusiastically joined the teaching and learning activities. Based on the quantitative data, the students’ speaking scores and the number of students who performed each indicator increased. The improvements of the mean scores were 53.85% for comprehension, 66.67% for fluency, 41.7% for vocabulary, 43.8% for pronunciation, and 85.1% for grammatical accuracy. From the data above, it can be concluded that the students’ speaking skills improved

Peningkatan kadar kalium (K) pada Feldspar dengan metode pertukaran Ion sistem kolom

Feldspar banyak digunakan sebagai bahan pelebur pada industri keramik, salah satu syarat utarnanya adalah kadar kalium di dalamnya harus Iebih tinggi daripada kadar kalsium. Mineral feldspar yang banyak terdapat di Indonesia menunjukkan hal yang sebaliknya, sehingga perlu diolah agar kadar kaliumnya meningkat. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan peningkatan kadar kalium pada feldspar dengan metode pertukaran ion sistem kolom. Pertukaran ion sistem kolom dilakukan dengan memvariasi pH dan konsentrasi KC1 yang digunakan. Jenis mineral yang terkandung dalam feldspar dikarakterisasi menggunakan metode X-ray difi-action (XRD), sedangkan banyaknya kation K+ dan Ca2+ yang tertukar ditentukan dengan metode tak langsung yaitu dengan menganalisis filtrat. hasil pertukaran dengan spelctrofotometri serapan atom. Kondisi optimum pertukaran ion dicapai pada pH 11 dan konsentrasi KC1 15000 ppm dengan peningkatan kadar kalium sebesar 1,070 mek dan pengurangan kadar kalsium sebesar 1,15.10 mek. Feldspar is well known as a melting material at ceramics industries, the main specification is that the content of potassium must be higher than the calsium. On the other hand, Indonesian feldspar contains much calsium and lack of potassium so that ion exchange column system is used to increase the potassium content of the feldspar. The ion exchange column system was done by preparing the various pH and concentration of KCI. The type of minerals contained in feldspar had been characterized by XRD, whereas the changes of K+ and Cat concentrations were measured by analyzing the filtrate on undirect method by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometiy (AAS). Optimum condition of the ion exchange was reached at the concentration of KCI and pH, 15000 ppm and 11 respectively. In that condition the increase of potassium content was 1.070 mek while the decrease of calcium content was 1.15.104 mek. vi This dlocument is Undip Institutional Repository Collection. The author(s) or copyright owner(s) agree that UNDIP-IR may, without changing the content, translate the1 submission to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation. The author(s) or copyright owner(s) also agree that UNDIP-IR may keep more than one copy of thisl 1 submIssion for purposes of security, back-up and preservation. ( http://eprints.undip.ac.id

THE ENGLISH TEACHING PROCESS IN THE 4th GRADE OF SDN TEGALMADE 01 SUKOHARJO

THE ENGLISH TEACHING PROCESS IN THE 4th GRADE OF SDN TEGALMADE 01 SUKOHARJ

STUDI PEMBUATAN TABLET EFFERVESCENT DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN EKSTRAK BUNGA MAWAR MERAH (Rosa damascena Mill.) (Kajian Warna Bunga dan Jenis Gula)

Rose is one of the farming products that used as an accessory plantation. The sheath is also known consists of Vitamin C and the antosianin pigment which it is also categorized as flavonoid, and it used as a free radical protector (antioxidant). The functioning of the sheath as a medicine is also consumed in drinks, which is produced from the rose extract or in effervescent tablets. The purpose of this study is to identify the color effect of flower through the effervescent tablet’s quality, to know the interaction between the flower’s color and the kinds of sugar through the effervescent rose tablet’s quality. The hypothesis of this study is, it was suspected that the color of the flower influenced to the quality of the rose’s pigment, suspected that there was an interaction between the qualities of the rose effervescent rose drinks. This study done with two steps, those were: At the step I, with 2 levels of examinations, by using Simple Random: Rose coloring, M1 (dark red) and M2 (pink), while the second factor consisted of three levels of examinations, those were G1 (sucrose), G2 (dextrose), and G3 (Tropicana slim), and they were repeated three times. The result showed that at the act of the dark red color has a better extract pigment quality, the level of the light color was (L) 77,3 and the redness level was (b+) 25,033. The best rose effervescent tablet was produced by the combination of M1G3 (dark red:Tropicana slim),, which has 8,179% sense of water; the level of hardness was 11,5kg/cm2; the speed of protracted was 0,029 g/dt; the level of the lightness was (L) 84,133, the level of the redness was (a+) 18,3 and the level of yellowness was (b) 2,733. At the product of the rose effervescent drinks has a value of 6,46 pH; viscosities 342,867 cps; total of hardness 0,814 g/g and total of sugar 52,150%

Conventionalisation? Organic farming bites back!

This is a summary of the discussion during the workshop 2.6 on conventionalisation of organic farming and how farmers or farmers' associations avoid conventionalisation. It also includes the abstracts of the papers that were presented during the workshop

THE APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL APPROACH IN STANDAR KOMPETENSI LULUSAN (SKL) UJIAN NASIONAL SMP/MTs OF ENGLISH IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2011 – 2012

Ujian Nasional (UN) or national examination for the ninth grader of Junior High School has been conducted. Each subject tested has its own competency standard for the graduation or standar kompetensi lulusan (SKL). SKL is used as the assessment standard to determine the graduation of the students. The SKL for Ujian Nasional (UN) SMP/MTs of English in academic year 2011 - 2012 covers competency in reading and writing skill. This writing shows that competencies and the indicators of the SKL Ujian Nasional (UN) SMP/MTs of English in academic year 2011 - 2012 reflect functional approach in English Language Teaching