Emission factors from road dust resuspension in a Mediterranean freeway

Particulate matter emissions from paved roads are currently one of the main challenges for a sustainable transport in Europe. Emissions are scarcely estimated due to the lack of knowledge about the resuspension process severely hampering a reliable simulation of PM and heavy metals concentrations in large cities and evaluation of population exposure. In this study the Emission Factors from road dust resuspension on a Mediterranean freeway were estimated per single vehicle category and PM component (OC, EC, mineral dust and metals) by means of the deployment of vertical profiles of passive samplers and terminal concentration estimate. The estimated PM10 emission factors varied from 12 to 47 mg VKT?1 (VKT: Vehicle Kilometer Traveled) with an average value of 22.7 ? 14.2 mg VKT?1. Emission Factors for heavy and light duty vehicles, passenger cars and motorbikes were estimated, based on average fleet composition and EPA ratios, in 187e733 mg VKT?1, 33e131 VKT?1, 9.4e36.9 VKT?1 and 0.8e3.3 VKT?1, respectively. These range of values are lower than previous estimates in Mediterranean urban roads, probably due to the lower dust reservoir on freeways. PM emitted material was dominated by mineral dust (9e10 mg VKT?1), but also OC and EC were found to be major components and approximately 14 e25% and 2e9% of average PM exhaust emissions from diesel passenger cars on highways respectively

The Effect of Registration Taxes on New Car Sales and Emissions: Evidence from Switzerland

In Switzerland, the annual circulation taxes on road vehicles are set by and paid to the cantons (not to the federal government). We exploit the 26 different circulation tax rules and their variation over time, which we interpret as a natural experiment, to see if linking them to a vehicle’s CO2 emissions rate has helped shift new car sales towards cleaner, lower-emitting vehicles. We find that even when the penalty associated with a highly polluting vehicle is high, the effect is relatively small. For example, in canton Zurich, imposing a 50% “malus” on the annual registration fee for cars that emit 200 or more grams of CO2 per kilometer reduces the average CO2 emissions rate from new cars by only 0.46 gram per kilometer, bringing it to 158.11 grams per kilometer in 2011. A similar effect would be attained with a modest increase in fuel taxes

Determination and Applications of Environmental Costs at Different Sized Airports – Aircraft Noise and Engine Emissions.

With the increasing trend of charging for externalities and the aim of encouraging the sustainable development of the air transport industry, there is a need to evaluate the social costs of these undesirable side effects, mainly aircraft noise and engine emissions, for different airports. The aircraft noise and engine emissions social costs are calculated in monetary terms for five different sized airports, ranging from hub airports to small regional airports. The number of residences within different levels of airport noise contours and the aircraft noise classifications are the main determinants for accessing aircraft noise social costs. The environmental impacts of aircraft engine emissions include both aircraft landing and take-off and 30-minute cruise. The social costs of aircraft emissions vary by engine type and aircraft category, depending on the damage caused by different engine pollutants on the human health, vegetation, materials, aquatic ecosystem and climate. The results indicate that the relationship appears to be curvilinear between environmental costs and the traffic volume of an airport. The results and methodology of environmental cost calculation could be applied to the proposed European wide harmonised noise charges as well as the social cost benefit analysis of airports

Determination and Applications of Environmental Costs at Different Sized Airports – Aircraft Noise and Engine Emissions.

With the increasing trend of charging for externalities and the aim of encouraging the sustainable development of the air transport industry, there is a need to evaluate the social costs of these undesirable side effects, mainly aircraft noise and engine emissions, for different airports. The aircraft noise and engine emissions social costs are calculated in monetary terms for five different sized airports, ranging from hub airports to small regional airports. The number of residences within different levels of airport noise contours and the aircraft noise classifications are the main determinants for accessing aircraft noise social costs. The environmental impacts of aircraft engine emissions include both aircraft landing and take-off and 30-minute cruise. The social costs of aircraft emissions vary by engine type and aircraft category, depending on the damage caused by different engine pollutants on the human health, vegetation, materials, aquatic ecosystem and climate. The results indicate that the relationship appears to be curvilinear between environmental costs and the traffic volume of an airport. The results and methodology of environmental cost calculation could be applied to the proposed European wide harmonised noise charges as well as the social cost benefit analysis of airports

COSTES EXTERNOS DEL TRANSPORTE. ESTUDIO DE ACTUALIZACIÓN

El presente estudio es una actualización en profundidad de un estudio anterior de la UIC sobre efectos externos (INFRAS/IWW 2000).Su objeto es mejorar las bases empíricas de los costes externos del transporte,apoyándose en el estado actual de las metodologías de estimación de costes,reflejando también estudios recientes sobre los costes externos del transporte a nivel europeo (especialmente UNITE).Se consideran los conceptos siguientes:· Componentes de coste· Países· Año base· Diferenciación por modos de transport

External Costs of Transport

This study is an update of a former UIC study on external effects (IFRAS / IWW 2000). It aims at improving the empirical basis of external costs of transport based on the actual state of the art of cost estimation methodologies reflecting also recent studies on external costs of transport on a European level (especially UNITE).The following dimensions are considered:- cost categories- contries- base year- differentiation by means of transport