ZnO-Porous Clay Heterostructure from Saponite as Green Catalyst for Citronellal Cyclization

Green conversion in organic synthesis is one of the interesting and important topics in green chemistry. The use of heterogeneous catalysis instead of homogeneous catalysis offers some advantages, such as easy separation and reusability. In this research, a heterogeneous acid catalyst was prepared from saponite by immobilizing ZnO in the form of a pillared clay (Zn/PILS) and Zn supported on porous clay heterostructure (Zn/PCH). Physicochemical studies involving X-ray diffraction measurement, surface analysis using a gas sorption analyzer, and surface acidity measurement were performed. Results indicated that the increasing surface acidity and the high specific surface area of the material were the relevant physicochemical properties that facilitate environment-friendly citronellal cyclization. The higher values for both parameters in Zn/PCH than in Zn/PILS linearly affected citronellal conversion and the selectivity for isopulegol production. Zn/PCH demonstrated a conversion rate of 98.9% for a 3-hour reaction and a selectivity of 100% for isopulegol production, and it exhibited reusability properties. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Internalization of Pesantren School Culture to from Students' Religious Character in SMP PGRI Brebes

Currently, many students attend residential schools, private institutions, and public schools. Many students board during the day while attending Junior High School Teachers' Association of the Republic of Indonesia (SMP PGRI) Brebes from the morning till lunchtime. The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the contribution that schools and boarding schools make to students' assimilation of school culture and their religious character (SMP PGRI Brebes). It is a qualitative sort of study. Students, teachers, school administrators, and leaders served as study informants. In-depth interviews and documentation were employed for data collection in this study. Data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion retrieval are used in data analysis. The habituation and application of religious principles in the classroom and in society are the functions of schools in the establishment of religious culture in schools. The religious character traits that SMP PGRI Brebes kids can exhibit include, among others, helpful character, discipline character, courtesy character, and justice character. Students who receive support from boarding schools and from schools that instill boarding school culture show signs of internalizing religious culture in their behavior. This study is anticipated to serve as a source of information for school-based character education

Isolation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in the Sudan

No AbstractBulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa Vol. 55 (2) 2007: pp. 142-14

Microwave-assisted synthesized porous clay heterostructure-Zn/Si from montmorillonite for citronellal conversion into isopulegol

Microwave-assisted synthesis method was applied for producing porous clay heterostructure-Zn/Si heterostructure from Indonesian natural montmorillonite. The porous montmorillonite heterostructure was prepared by previously intercalating cetyl trimethyl ammonium as templating agent and surfactant, and trimethyl ammonium hydroxide as co-surfactant, followed by the introducing Zn–Si precursor solution for the sol-gel reaction of porous formation. The comparison of the use of microwave-assisted synthesis and hydrothermal method for the porous formation was studied. Physicochemical characterization by using XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, gas sorption analysis, and FTIR method. Effect of the evolution of the surface characters on its catalytic activity in citronellal conversion into isopulegol was studied. The characterization by XRD informed the increasing basal spacing d _001 from 1.57 nm into 3.71 nm by the microwave-assisted method, meanwhile the hydrothermal method produced 3.56 nm spacing. The increasing specific surface area from 98.82 m ^2 g ^−1 into 752.95 m ^2 g ^−1 and 409.95 m ^2 g ^−1 for microwave-assisted synthesized and hydrothermal synthesized composites, were obtained. These profiles are attributed to the increasing surface acidity determined by pyridine-adsorption method and n-butylamine titration method, and contributed to the significant increasing catalytic activity. The time-efficient synthesis method obtained by the microwave-assisted method is good alternative for the preparation of highly active montmorillonite heterostructure composite for acid-catalyzed organic reaction

Microwave-assisted synthesized porous clay heterostructure-Zn/Si from montmorillonite for citronellal conversion into isopulegol

Abstract Microwave-assisted synthesis method was applied for producing porous clay heterostructure-Zn/Si heterostructure from Indonesian natural montmorillonite. The porous montmorillonite heterostructure was prepared by previously intercalating cetyl trimethyl ammonium as templating agent and surfactant, and trimethyl ammonium hydroxide as co-surfactant, followed by the introducing Zn–Si precursor solution for the sol-gel reaction of porous formation. The comparison of the use of microwave-assisted synthesis and hydrothermal method for the porous formation was studied. Physicochemical characterization by using XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, gas sorption analysis, and FTIR method. Effect of the evolution of the surface characters on its catalytic activity in citronellal conversion into isopulegol was studied. The characterization by XRD informed the increasing basal spacing d001 from 1.57 nm into 3.71 nm by the microwave-assisted method, meanwhile the hydrothermal method produced 3.56 nm spacing. The increasing specific surface area from 98.82 m2 g−1 into 752.95 m2 g−1 and 409.95 m2 g−1 for microwave-assisted synthesized and hydrothermal synthesized composites, were obtained. These profiles are attributed to the increasing surface acidity determined by pyridine-adsorption method and n-butylamine titration method, and contributed to the significant increasing catalytic activity. The time-efficient synthesis method obtained by the microwave-assisted method is good alternative for the preparation of highly active montmorillonite heterostructure composite for acid-catalyzed organic reaction.</jats:p