CAP Strategic Plans of the EU Member States – CSPs Master file and key data

The Common Agricultural Policy Strategic Plans (CSPs) of the EU Member States (MSs) introduce a new CAP delivery model for the programming period 2023-2027, establishing a common framework for CAP payments, while granting MSs the flexibility to design interventions for direct payments, sectoral interventions, and rural development tailored to the needs of their agricultural sector. This report serves a dual purpose: Firstly, it provides an overview of the CSPs Master file, which consolidates all 28 CSPs to facilitate a structured analysis of the new CAP, along with essential concepts characteristic to the CSPs. Secondly, the report presents a comparative analysis of the initially approved CSPs, focusing on the financial aspects and specifics of their implementation across MSs, as well as some insights into the contributions to organic farming. The analysis of all CSPs highlights significant diversity and heterogeneity in the interventions adopted by the MSs. The CAP is supported by 307 billion EUR, comprising 264 billion EUR from the EU Budget and 43 billion EUR from national co-financing. Direct Payments are the most dominant component, with the Basic Income Support for Sustainability remaining the most important CAP tool to support EU farmer income, accounting 51% of direct payments, followed by eco-schemes at 24%. Rural Development allocations also show considerable diversity across intervention types and MSs.JRC.D.4 - Economics of the Food Syste

Challenges and opportunities in data collection for sustainable farming: Lessons from EU certification schemes

This report analyses the farm-level data collection practices of selected public and private sustainability-related certification schemes, with the aim of providing insights into synergies and gaps for the upcoming Farm Sustainability Data Network, which will collect data on environmental and social issues. The analysis is based on online surveys, semi-semi-structured interviews and desk research carried out between June and October 2023. Out of 188 common agricultural policy (CAP) interventions associated with certification schemes within the CAP strategic plans of the Member States, 25 relevant certification schemes were pre-selected for consideration in this report. A total of 10 respondents (i.e. certification agencies and, in some cases, responsible public authorities) participated, covering 16 certification schemes, resulting in response rates of 48 % for respondents and 64 % for certification schemes. Key findings relate to the monitoring practices of operators by certification agencies, data collection methods, data sources, data management practices, data exchange and costs incurred. Respondents rated the data collection process as somewhat costly for both certification agencies and farmers. The main challenges and burdens of the data collection process identified by the respondents are also outlined. The analysis indicates that, while data on environmental and social sustainability are available, considerable efforts are required to collect quantitative data and ensure that they are consistent, digitalised and accessible. The voluntary nature of participation in certification schemes limits the representativeness of the data collected and introduces selection bias. Furthermore, increasing farmers’ understanding of the purpose and benefits of data collection is crucial for motivating farmers. Providing incentives and collaborating with organisations that have direct contact with farmers can increase farmers’ willingness to participate.JRC.D.4 - Economics of the Food Syste

Closing the EU protein gap – drivers, synergies and trade-offs

The policy and public debate on the EU protein sector requires a comprehensive approach that includes EU plant protein production and supply, while simultaneously addressing the broader challenges and opportunities of protein demand in the food and feed sectors. Taking a food systems perspective, this report assesses synergies and trade-offs between four hypothetical scenarios. These scenarios are considered both individually and in combination, and describe possible futures for EU protein supply and demand: (i) providing specific support for protein crop production; (ii) changing livestock feed practices; (iii) restructuring the livestock herd; and (iv) transitioning towards more plant-based diets. While these scenarios are exploratory and do not prejudge policy decisions, the analysis demonstrates that joint changes on both supply and demand are required to enhance the sustainability and resilience of the EU agro-food system. The modelling results indicate that jointly addressing protein supply and demand can yield substantial environmental benefits and reduce the EU's reliance on imported feed protein. An integrated strategy is also essential to support farmers and the broader food system, realising opportunities and mitigating potential adverse impacts associated with the transition to a more sustainable protein supply and demand.JRC.D.4 - Economics of the Food Syste

Agro-economic-environmental modelling in the context of the Green Deal and sustainable food systems.

The Integrated Modelling Platform for Agro-economic Commodity and Policy Analysis (iMAP) provides in-house policy support to the European Commission by assessing a wide range of policies and topics related to sustainable food systems (SFS). Substantially supported by DG AGRI, iMAP is constantly further developed to meet evolving policy needs. This report outlines iMAP’s enhanced analytical capacity to capture the multidimensional aspects of SFS and assess policy impacts. Considerable progress has been made in capturing production and environmental aspects of policies and strategies, particularly those related to the European Green Deal (EGD). Significant developments have been achieved in integrating biophysical models, other sector-specific models, and satellite imagery data into iMAP’s analytical framework. However, comprehensive modelling of environmental aspects of farming practices remains challenging due to the complex interplay of biological and agronomic factors, coupled with data limitations. Limited data on specific aspects of consumer behaviour also remains a constraint for comprehensive assessments. The report shows that iMAP, along with interdisciplinary collaboration and tool integration, provides a suitable framework for assessing EGD-related policies. However, the report also highlights general uncertainties, scientific knowledge gaps, and data constraints that limit a full assessment of all aspects of the transition towards more SFS.JRC.D.4 - Economics of the Food Syste

Multidimensional Analysis of Environmental Public Policies in the European Union

L'Union Européenne a un programme ambitieux pour faire face aux effets du changement climatique, les institutions européennes devant désormais prendre en compte l'environnement dans le cadre de ses politiques. L'objectif de ma thèse consiste à évaluer les impacts des politiques publiques européennes sur l'agriculture et l’environnement, de mesurer leurs effets croisés et d'évaluer l'intérêt d'une meilleure coordination de ces politiques. La thèse vise à enrichir l'analyse économique sur des problématiques importantes recentrées sur la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) agricoles dans l'UE et le niveau de la production agricole, sous un angle quantitatif. La méthodologie repose sur un modèle de programmation mathématique qui simule l’offre agricole européenne (AROPAj), utilisant les données du Réseau d'Information Comptable Agricole. L'analyse est réalisée à plusieurs niveaux, européen, national, régional et infra-régional, tenant compte de la variabilité du contexte économique qui caractérise l'agriculture européenne sur les six années 2007-2012. Nous évaluons tout d'abord comment l'agriculture peut contribuer à l'atténuation des émissions de GES dans l'UE et nous offrons une analyse détaillée des courbes de coûts marginaux d'abattement. Les résultats indiquent qu’en moyenne, sur la période 2007-2012, l’agriculture européenne peut réduire ses émissions d’environ 10%, 20% et 30% respectivement, pour les prix des émissions de 38, 112.5 et 205 Euros/tCO2eq. Nous montrons que l’agriculture peut offrir une atténuation substantielle et que le potentiel et les coûts d’atténuation varient substantiellement dans le temps et dans l’espace. La deuxième problématique étudiée porte sur la compatibilité entre l’augmentation de la production agricole et la diminution de l’impact de l’agriculture sur l’environnement. En introduisant une approche primale (via un prix du carbone) et une approche duale (via un objectif calorique), nous montrons qu’on peut réduire les émissions de GES et modifier l’offre agricole tout en augmentant la quantité en calories alimentaires. On étend la problématique des émissions de GES, en dissociant les prix des deux gaz (CH4 et N2O). Un système de prix différenciés permet de mieux adapter la politique de régulation climatique en fonction de l'horizon de temps sur lequel on se projette, offrant une flexibilité dans la réduction des coûts d’abattement des émissions.The European Union has an ambitious agenda to deal with the effects of climate change, the European institutions must now take environment into account within the framework of its policies. The objective of my thesis is to evaluate the impacts of European public policies on agriculture and environment, to measure their crossed effects and to assess the potential for a better coordination of these policies. The thesis aims to enrich the economic analysis on important issues refocused on the reduction of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in the EU and the level of agricultural production, from a quantitative perspective. The methodology is based on a mathematical programming model that simulates the European agricultural supply (AROPAj), using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network. The analysis is carried out at several levels, European, national, regional and sub-regional, taking into account the variability of the economic context that characterizes the European agriculture over the six years 2007-2012. We first assess how agriculture may contribute to the mitigation of EU GHG emissions and provide a detailed analysis of marginal abatement cost curves. The results show that, on average, over the period 2007-2012, EU agriculture may reduce its emissions by around 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively for emission prices of 38, 112.5 and 205 EUR/tCO2eq. We show that agriculture may offer substantial mitigation and that mitigation costs and potential vary in time and in space. The second issue studied concerns the compatibility between the increase in agricultural production and the reduction of the impact of agriculture on the environment. By introducing a primal approach (via a carbon price) and a dual approach (via a calorie target), we show that we can reduce GHG emissions and change agricultural supply while increasing the quantity of food calories. We extend the issue of GHG emissions by separating the prices of the two gases (CH4 et N2O). A differentiated price system allows to better adapt the climate regulation policy according to the time horizon on which we are projected, offering flexibility in reducing the emission abatement costs

Analyse multicritère des politiques publiques environnementales dans l'Union Européenne

The European Union has an ambitious agenda to deal with the effects of climate change, the European institutions must now take environment into account within the framework of its policies. The objective of my thesis is to evaluate the impacts of European public policies on agriculture and environment, to measure their crossed effects and to assess the potential for a better coordination of these policies. The thesis aims to enrich the economic analysis on important issues refocused on the reduction of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in the EU and the level of agricultural production, from a quantitative perspective. The methodology is based on a mathematical programming model that simulates the European agricultural supply (AROPAj), using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network. The analysis is carried out at several levels, European, national, regional and sub-regional, taking into account the variability of the economic context that characterizes the European agriculture over the six years 2007-2012. We first assess how agriculture may contribute to the mitigation of EU GHG emissions and provide a detailed analysis of marginal abatement cost curves. The results show that, on average, over the period 2007-2012, EU agriculture may reduce its emissions by around 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively for emission prices of 38, 112.5 and 205 EUR/tCO2eq. We show that agriculture may offer substantial mitigation and that mitigation costs and potential vary in time and in space. The second issue studied concerns the compatibility between the increase in agricultural production and the reduction of the impact of agriculture on the environment. By introducing a primal approach (via a carbon price) and a dual approach (via a calorie target), we show that we can reduce GHG emissions and change agricultural supply while increasing the quantity of food calories. We extend the issue of GHG emissions by separating the prices of the two gases (CH4 et N2O). A differentiated price system allows to better adapt the climate regulation policy according to the time horizon on which we are projected, offering flexibility in reducing the emission abatement costs.L'Union Européenne a un programme ambitieux pour faire face aux effets du changement climatique, les institutions européennes devant désormais prendre en compte l'environnement dans le cadre de ses politiques. L'objectif de ma thèse consiste à évaluer les impacts des politiques publiques européennes sur l'agriculture et l’environnement, de mesurer leurs effets croisés et d'évaluer l'intérêt d'une meilleure coordination de ces politiques. La thèse vise à enrichir l'analyse économique sur des problématiques importantes recentrées sur la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) agricoles dans l'UE et le niveau de la production agricole, sous un angle quantitatif. La méthodologie repose sur un modèle de programmation mathématique qui simule l’offre agricole européenne (AROPAj), utilisant les données du Réseau d'Information Comptable Agricole. L'analyse est réalisée à plusieurs niveaux, européen, national, régional et infra-régional, tenant compte de la variabilité du contexte économique qui caractérise l'agriculture européenne sur les six années 2007-2012. Nous évaluons tout d'abord comment l'agriculture peut contribuer à l'atténuation des émissions de GES dans l'UE et nous offrons une analyse détaillée des courbes de coûts marginaux d'abattement. Les résultats indiquent qu’en moyenne, sur la période 2007-2012, l’agriculture européenne peut réduire ses émissions d’environ 10%, 20% et 30% respectivement, pour les prix des émissions de 38, 112.5 et 205 Euros/tCO2eq. Nous montrons que l’agriculture peut offrir une atténuation substantielle et que le potentiel et les coûts d’atténuation varient substantiellement dans le temps et dans l’espace. La deuxième problématique étudiée porte sur la compatibilité entre l’augmentation de la production agricole et la diminution de l’impact de l’agriculture sur l’environnement. En introduisant une approche primale (via un prix du carbone) et une approche duale (via un objectif calorique), nous montrons qu’on peut réduire les émissions de GES et modifier l’offre agricole tout en augmentant la quantité en calories alimentaires. On étend la problématique des émissions de GES, en dissociant les prix des deux gaz (CH4 et N2O). Un système de prix différenciés permet de mieux adapter la politique de régulation climatique en fonction de l'horizon de temps sur lequel on se projette, offrant une flexibilité dans la réduction des coûts d’abattement des émissions

Negative Greenhouse Gas Emissions in France By 2050: Techno-Economic Potential Assessment

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges humanity faces today. The existing mitigation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are not sufficient to deal with the major negative effects of climate change. The European Union’s goal of becoming a net-zero greenhouse gas economy by 2050 represents the cornerstone of the European Green Deal, in conformity with the EU’s global commitments under the Paris Agreement. To achieve climate neutrality goal by 2050, the deployment of Negative Emission Technologies (NETs) will be necessary. This paper focuses on one of these technologies, namely Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). In particular, it studies the French potential in terms of negative emissions and shows to what extent BECCS can represent a viable solution for achieving climate neutrality in France by 2050. We estimate the cost and potential of negative emissions for each of the nine BECCS technological options considered. Depending on the types of biomass corresponding to each technology, results show that the cost of a tonne of negative CO2 (€/tCO2) varies widely across the technologies: indirect gasification to Substitute Natural Gas (BioSNG) [32.7; 98.7]; gasification to liquid hydrogen [67.1; 96.2]; fast pyrolysis to liquid hydrogen [78.2; 98.5]; anaerobic digestion to biomethane [54,2; 118.9]; anaerobic digestion to electricity [73.9; 125]; gasification to liquid fuels [120.1; 163]; fast pyrolysis to electricity [150.2; 167.4]; hydrothermal liquefaction to liquid fuels [207.1; 314.4] and ethanol fermentation 53.3 €/tCO2. Our analysis highlights that BECCS plays a key role in achieving the neutrality goal in France by 2050. For a target of 15 million tonnes negative emissions in France in 2050, if we use 50% of the available biomass distributed equally between the nine BECCS technologies studied, it will be necessary to cumulate the potentials of several BECCS technologies at a cost per tonne of CO2 varying from 32.7 €/tCO2 to 98.5 €/tCO2. The marginal cost will increase with the setting of higher targets

Slaughter cattle to secure food calories and reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions? Some prospective estimates for France

We assess the potential for increasing the net amount of food calories produced by French agriculture and the possible implications in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural area allocation. This analysis is based on an agricultural supply model for the European Union mainly with regard to arable crops, meadows, fodder crops, and the main animal products. The model calculates the variations in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions associated with the required level of production. Within the framework of a prospective approach carried out under the technical and economic conditions of the period 2007–2012, we calculate the extent of the changes in an agricultural production system, to which we assign the objective of increasing the net production of calories. In France, for an increase of 40 to 60% depending on the year, three-quarters of meadows would disappear, a large proportion of temporary meadows would switch to cereals, and fallows could exceed 20% of the total agricultural area. These changes would result from the sharp fall in livestock, especially of cattle for meat. The key factor in the analysis is animal feed, which, in addition to the decrease in grass consumption, would lead to a slight increase in fodder and cereals produced and consumed on the farm, and a sharp decrease of around 50% in the purchase of concentrated feeds. The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is substantial, at least in terms of methane, and could exceed 30% of reference emissions in carbon dioxide equivalent

Réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre d’origine agricole dans l’Union Européenne : Une analyse à partir des coûts marginaux d’abattement

International audienceWe analyze the cost-effective contribution of agriculture to mitigation of the EU greenhouse gas emissions, and analyze how it varies in both space and time. We endogenously account for agricultural sources of methane and nitrous oxide. We take advantage of the large variability in agricultural input and output prices in 2007-2012 to quantify how marginal abatement costs curves were impacted at EU and regional levels.The results show an important EU mitigation potential, but contrasted impacts across space and time. Parsimonious yet flexible, non-linear reduced form of abatement supply curve for each EU region and each year are estimated.Les auteurs analysent la contribution coût-efficace de l'agriculture à l'atténuation de l'effet de serre au sein de l'UE et la variation de ce potentiel dans le temps et dans l’espace. Ils intégrent à l’analyse les sources agricoles de méthane et de protoxyde d’azote. Ils utilisent la variabilité temporelles des prix des intrants et des produits agricoles entre 2007 et 2012 pour quantifier l’impact sur les courbes des coûts de marginal d’abattement aux niveaux européen et régional. Les résultats montrent un potentiel d'atténuation substantiel dans l’agriculture européenne, avec des impacts contrastés dans le temps et dans l'espace. Ils estiment des formes réduites non-linéaires de la courbe d'offre d’abattement pour chacune des régions de l'UE et chaque année considérée