A type catalogue of Campylopodioideae and Paraleucobryoideae (Musci, Dicranaceae) : part 2, Campylopus

All species of Campylopus Brid. are listed, including citations of basionyms and homotypic synonyms, completed by citation of the type specimen and its location, as well as the current use or other uses of the name

Hypothalamic regulation of food intake : focus on the anx/anx mouse

The main goal of this thesis is to increase the knowledge about one of the most important tasks of the brain, the hypothalamic regulation of food intake. The hypothalamus is considered to be the brain s main center for regulation of food intake and it is integrating signals regaring energy status, from the body, to initiate a proper behavioral response. A malfunctioning of this sensitive system can cause disturbed eating behavior, and have serious consequences for the organism s well being. Disturbed eating behavior is not only part of the traditional eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, but also contributes to overweight and obesity, thereby increasing the risk for several severe disorders and conditions. In addition, anorexia/cachexia is a frequent complication of failure to thrive in infants, malignant tumors and inflammatory diseases, and is contributing significantly to the mortality of these disorders. We use the unique anorectic anx/anx mouse as a model system for regulation of food intake. In Paper I, we studied the normal development of the projections from NPY/AGRP expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc), in normal mouse, and were able to conclude that the first three postnatal weeks appear to be critical for the development of this hypothalamic ood intake‐regulating system. Previous studies have shown several neurochemical abberances in the hypothalamus of the anx/anx mouse, in particular in the distribution of neurotransmitters and ‐peptides known to have a potent regulatory role in the control of food intake, such as NPY, AGRP, CART and POMC. In order to evaluate when these aberrances first appear, we compared the development of the NPY/AGRP system in anx/anx with +/+ mice in Paper II. We concluded that the NPY/AGRP system in anx/anx mice develop as in +/+ mice until P12, after which it appears as if the normal gradual increase in fibers cease and even decrease. In addition, we detected a region specific activation of microglia in several hypothalamic, as well as extra hypothalamic areas, in anx/anx mice from P12 and onwards. Interestingly, these were all areas in which we previously detected a reduced density of NPY/AGRP‐ir fibers in anx/anx mice, indicating that the aberrant hypothalamic neurochemistry in the anx/anx mice could be related to an inflammatory/neurodegenerative process. To further investigate this possibility we analyzed the expression of MCH class I. In Paper III we show expression of MHC class I mRNA and protein in the projection areas of the Arc neurons, to a large extent attributed to microglia, but remarkably also in a few arcuate‐neuron , in the anx/anx mice,. We also found evidence for hypothalamic degeneration in the anx/anx mouse, by showing co‐labeling of NPY and active caspase 6 in Arc, DMH, amygdala and zona incerta. Caspase 6 is required for axonal degeneration, and has been implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders. Taken together, this provides evidence of a neurodegenerative process in hypothalamus of the anx/anx mice. In Paper IV, we aimed to identify the anx gene and mutation, as well as the underlying mechanism causing the anorectic phenotype of the anx/anx mouse. We concluded that the anorexia and premature death of the anx/anx mouse is realated to hypothalamic mitochondrial dysfunction and that the anx mutation leads to lower levels of the Ndufaf1 ene and protein. This leads to less fully assembled complex I in the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system, as well as accumulation of sub‐complexes resulting and increased production of reactive oxygen species. The increased levels of reactive oxygen species can initially act as a signaling molecule affecting hypothalamic neurons, leading to reduced food intake, oxidative stress and in the long run to inactivation and degeneration of Arc food intake‐regulating neurons in anx/anx mice

Understanding Global Education - A Case Study of the Global High Schools Network in Denmark

This is a mixed methods study employing a grounded theory framework with the network organization Global High Schools Denmark as a case. The study aims at understanding how teachers in the network conceptualize global education. Data was collected through in depth semi-structured interviews with teachers as well as through an online self-completion survey. The thesis finds four main conceptualizations among the teachers; global education as specific themes related to globalization, global education as interconnection and dependency between the global and local, global education as the understanding and respect for other peoples and cultures and finally, global education as preparation for studying and working in a global world. The teachers furthermore expressed thoughts in relation to teaching practice, where global education was seen as something that comes easier to some subjects than others and that can be hard to make sense of in practice. These understandings should be understood as aspects that are more or less present in their understanding and are thus not mutually exclusive. When analyzing the statistical data, there was a tendency towards the understanding of global education as respect for other peoples and cultures sparking the least ambivalence among the respondents, indicating a weak but present preference for this understanding of global education. The data also points towards a connection between subject and ambition to be a global educator as well as given level of understanding of global education, suggesting that subject has an influence on your perception of the concept – especially so for science teachers. However, a larger sample would be needed to make definite claims in this direction. The thesis concludes that further research on this topic, by building on the categories developed in this study, should aim towards the translation of global education theory into quality educational practice, especially in terms of developing strategies for cohesive implementation

Constructing Global Citizenship Education: An analysis of OECD discourse on global competence

Global Citizenship Education (GCE) has gained increasing conceptual popularity in recent years. The term has been used by governments, NGO’s and international agencies alike to promote a larger inclusion of global skills, values and attitudes in curricula across the world. However, GCE as practice is not a clearly defined framework and may involve many distinct themes and rationalities in its different expressions. A recent development has seen the OECD decide to include global competences as a field for testing in the 2018 round of PISA. As the largest scale attempt yet to measure the outcome of GCE, this decision will have implications for how GCE is conceptualized and approached in the more than seventy countries currently participating in PISA. This thesis therefore examines how the OECD discursively determines GCE by employing discourse theory as developed by Laclau & Mouffe. On the basis of this analysis, the implication of OECD’s discursive articulations for educational practice are discussed. The thesis concludes that the OECD constitutes GCE as an enhancer of global competitiveness, which creates an antagonistic relationship to the cosmopolitan conception of GCE as fostering global community

The long-term effects of obstetrical anal sphincter injury on pelvic floor function

Background: As women live longer, the long-term effects of childbirth may negatively affect their quality of life and professional careers. Aim: This thesis investigates the long-term effects of vacuum extraction (VE) and one and two obstetrical anal sphincter injuries (OASIs). Temporal trends of OASI incidence were compared in four countries with comparable national medical birth registers and healthcare systems. Material and methods: The study cohorts consisted of women with one (Papers I and III) or two deliveries (Paper II and IV). National birth registers were used, and in Papers I, II, IV birth register data were linked to information from a questionnaire survey on current pelvic floor disorders (PFDs). Results: Paper I: OASI occurred three times more often during VE than spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD). One OASI doubled the long-term prevalence of faecal incontinence (FI), irrespective of SVD or VE. The prevalence of other PFDs was similar after SVD and VE but lower after an acute caesarean section. Paper II: The risk for a repeat OASI almost tripled after an OASI. The long-term prevalence of all components of FI doubled and tripled after one and two OASIs. Severe FI increased 3- and 5-fold. Paper III: In 2004-2016, the incidence of OASI in primipara varied widely over time and between countries despite similar socio-economic conditions. Canada reported the highest and Austria the lowest rate of OASI. Only Norway reported a consistent and significant decrease in OASI incidence, which more than halved during the study period. Paper IV: There was a significant trend of more frequent leakage, more severe grades of incontinence parameters, and an increasing impact of anal incontinence after one and two OASIs. The first and the second OASIs showed an equal cumulative effect on multiple self-reported outcome measures. Conclusion: OASI was a potent risk factor for the prevalence, severity, and impact of long-term FI. Instrumental delivery was the leading risk factor for OASI. Perineal protection, when systematically and persistently applied, may lower the rate of OASI

Fluorescent Discrimination between Traces of Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Mimics

An array of fluorogenic probes is able to discriminate between nerve agents, sarin, soman, tabun, VX and their mimics, in water or organic solvent, by qualitative fluorescence patterns and quantitative multivariate analysis, thus making the system suitable for the inthe- field detection of traces of chemical warfare agents as well as to differentiate between the real nerve agents and other related compounds.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain (Project CTQ2012- 31611), Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de Educación y Cultura y Fondo Social Europeo (Project BU246A12-1), the European Commission, Seventh Framework Programme (Project SNIFFER FP7-SEC-2012-312411) and the Swedish Ministry of Defence (no. A403913

Bigger is not better: cortisol-induced cardiac growth and dysfunction in salmonids

acceptedVersio

The anx/anx Mouse – A Valuable Resource in Anorexia Nervosa Research

Animal models are invaluable resources in research concerning the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa (AN), to a large extent since valid clinical samples are rare. None of the existing models can capture all aspects of AN but they are able to mirror the core features of the disorder e.g., elective starvation, emaciation and premature death. The anorectic anx/anx mouse is of particular value for the understanding of the abnormal response to negative energy balance seen in AN. These mice appear normal at birth but gradually develops starvation and emaciation despite full access to food, and die prematurely around three weeks of age. Several changes in hypothalamic neuropeptidergic and -transmitter systems involved in regulating food intake and metabolism have been documented in the anx/anx mouse. These changes are accompanied by signs of inflammation and degeneration in the same hypothalamic regions; including activation of microglia cells and expression of major histocompatibility complex I by microglia and selective neuronal populations. These aberrances are likely related to the dysfunction of complex I (CI) in the oxidative phosphorylation system of the mitochondria, and subsequent increased oxidative stress, which also has been revealed in the hypothalamus of these mice. Interestingly, a similar CI dysfunction has been shown in leukocytes from patients with AN. In addition, a higher expression of the Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 3 gene has been shown in the anx/anx hypothalamus. This agrees with AN being associated with specific variants of the genes for brain derived neurotrophic factor and Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2. The anx/anx mouse is also glucose intolerant and display pancreatic dysfunction related to increased levels of circulating free fatty acids (FFA) and pancreatic inflammation. An increased incidence of eating disorders has been reported for young diabetic women, and as well has increased levels of circulating FFAs in AN. Also similar to individuals with AN, the anx/anx mouse has reduced leptin and increased cholesterol levels in serum. Thus, the anx/anx mouse shares several characteristics with patients with AN, including emaciation, starvation, premature death, diabetic features, increased FFA and low leptin, and is therefore a unique resource in research on the (neuro)biology of AN