Sammelrezension: Fragen des Formats

Michael Niehaus: Was ist ein Format? Carlos Spoerhase: Das Format der Literatur: Praktiken materieller Textualität zwischen 1740 und 183

Bird Population Changes Following the Establishment of a Diverse Stand of Woody Plants in a Former Crop Field in North Dakota, 1975– 2015

Changes in the coverage of trees and shrubs on the North Dakota landscape since Euro- American settlement have likely had a pronounced impact on bird species that favor woody vegetation. Long- term data sets on breeding bird populations in wooded habitats in North Dakota or in the Great Plains are scarce. In 1975 a wildlife habitat plot was established in a 10.5 ha cropland field with a long history of small- grain production. Th e objective of this article is to evaluate the successional changes in bird populations as the habitat at this site became more biologically and structurally complex aft er the establishment of a diverse stand of shrubs and trees. Between 1975 and 2015, 103 species or varieties of native and non- native trees, shrubs, or vines were planted in this wildlife habitat plot (hereaft er woodlot); 58.2% of those species were still present in 2016. Th e avian community in the woodlot increased in abundance and diversity as the woody vegetation increased in complexity and maturity, but the changes in abundance varied among ecological bird groups. Grassland bird abundance remained relatively constant but uncommon throughout the four decades aft er woody vegetation was first established. Bird species associated with shrublands and open woodlands and edges responded positively and showed the greatest increases in abundance during the 41- year period. Th e abundance of bird species associated with open areas with scattered trees or shrubs (i.e., savanna habitat) increased during the first half of the study but declined during the second half. Bird species associated with forest habitats were rare throughout the 41- year period, but their abundance increased during the most recent two decades. Results of this study are important for informing decisions about restoration efforts of riparian forests and other native wooded areas in the Great Plains and setting expectations for the time- scale required for the return of assemblages of species of woodland birds

TreeQN and ATreeC: Differentiable Tree-Structured Models for Deep Reinforcement Learning

Combining deep model-free reinforcement learning with on-line planning is a promising approach to building on the successes of deep RL. On-line planning with look-ahead trees has proven successful in environments where transition models are known a priori. However, in complex environments where transition models need to be learned from data, the deficiencies of learned models have limited their utility for planning. To address these challenges, we propose TreeQN, a differentiable, recursive, tree-structured model that serves as a drop-in replacement for any value function network in deep RL with discrete actions. TreeQN dynamically constructs a tree by recursively applying a transition model in a learned abstract state space and then aggregating predicted rewards and state-values using a tree backup to estimate Q-values. We also propose ATreeC, an actor-critic variant that augments TreeQN with a softmax layer to form a stochastic policy network. Both approaches are trained end-to-end, such that the learned model is optimised for its actual use in the tree. We show that TreeQN and ATreeC outperform n-step DQN and A2C on a box-pushing task, as well as n-step DQN and value prediction networks (Oh et al. 2017) on multiple Atari games. Furthermore, we present ablation studies that demonstrate the effect of different auxiliary losses on learning transition models

Görres' Teutsche Volksbücher in der ideologischen Konstellation der Zeit : eine Untersuchung der Referenzprobleme und Strategieentwürfe der Volksbuchschrift mit Blick auf den gesellschaftlichen Strukturwandel und dessen Folgeprobleme

Die Studie geht von der These aus, dass die Teutschen Volksbücher ein kulturpolitisches Programm entwerfen, das in Reaktion auf den sozialstrukturellen Umbruch um 1800 ein Identifikationsangebot enthält. Auf die Problemlage, wie sie sich durch die Umstellung von stratifikatorischer auf funktionale Differenzierung und die damit einhergehende Exklusionsindividualität ergibt, antwortet ein völkischer bzw. nationaler Mythos, „der sich in der Narration seiner Ursprungsgeschichte seine eigene, unhintergehbare Höchstinstanz schafft.“ Die Frage nach dem übergeordneten sozialstrukturellen Referenzproblem wird ergänzt durch eine biographische Perspektive: In ihr erscheint die Volksbuchschrift als Ergebnis eines Strategiewechsels von Görres´ und als „Verlagerung von der politischen auf eine wissenschaftliche und vor allem kulturelle Handlungssphäre“ in seinen Heidelberger Jahren

The Optimal Dose of Intraperitoneal Heat Shock Protein (Hsp70) to Prevent Death in Sepsis Mice Model with Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

Background: In theory, heat shock protein (HSP70) can reduce the expression of Cyt. C, Bax, and Caspase 3, in apoptosis ofmultiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and thereby can prevent death. Previous researchers used 226 mg/KgBW/intraperitoneal (ip) of HSP70. There is a lack of studies which used the lowest effective dose of HSP70. This study aimed to determine the lowest effective dose of HSP70 to prevent death in sepsis mice model with MODS. Subjects and Method: This was a randomized control trial conducted at PAU Universitas GadjahMada, Yogyakarta, from April 1 to 21, 2017. The study subjects were Balbs/c strain mice. The drug used to induce death was Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from SIGMA L2880-10MG Lot #025M4040V from Escherichia coli 055:B5 purified by phenol extraction.The drug used to prevent death in this study was Rat Heat Shock Protein (HSP70) Lot#L16020515. A sample of 25 mice was randomized into 5 groups with each consisting of 5 mice: (1) control group with NaCl; (2) experimental group receiving LPS injection of 0.25mg/kgBW/ip; (3) experimental group receiving LPS injection of 0.25mg/kgBW/ip with HSP70 injection of 100 µg/kgBW/ip; (4) experimental group receiving LPS injection of 0.25mg/KgBW/ip with HSP70 injection of 200 µg/kgBW/ip; and (5) experimental group receiving LPS injection of 0.25mg/kgBW/ip with HSP70 injection of 300 µg/kgBW/ip. The percent of live mice between groups was compared by chi square. Results: Three days after intervention, the number of live mice 13(86.7%) in the experimental group with ≥100 µg/kgBW/ip HSP70 was greater than the number of live mice 2 (40%) in the experimental group with <100 µg/kgBW/ip HSP70, with p= 0.037. In addition, all mice receiving ≥200µg/kgBW/ip HSP70 in the experimental group were alive three days after intervention. Conclusion: The lowest effective dose of HSP70 to prevent death in sepsis mice model with MODS is 100µg/kgBW/ip. All mice are alive three days after receiving ≥200µg/kgBW/ip HSP70. Keywords: lipopolysaccharide, heat shock protein, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, dos

The Effectiveness of Ld75 Intra Peritoneal 0.25 Mg/ Kgbw Lipopolysaccharide in Inducing Sepsis and Causing Death in Mice

Background: Sepsis is a complex and serious problem. About 30 to 80% of sepsis is caused by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Previous studies set a large dose of intra peritoneal 5mg/ kgBW as a threshold for LPS to cause sepsis. No previous studies have informed about the minimal dose of LPS to cause sepsis. This study aimed to determine if ≥ 0.25 mg/ kgBW dose of LPS was effective to cause sepsis and death in mice. Subjects and Method: This was a Randomized Controlled Trial conducted from January 18 to 24, 2016 at the Histology Laboratory of Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta. A sample of 20 mice was randomized into 5 groups, each consisting of 4 mice. Each mouse was injected intraperitoneal with one of 5 different doses of LPS: (1) Group 1 with 0.05 mg/ kgBW LPS; (2) Group 2 with 0.10 mg/ kgBW LPS; (3) Group 3 with 0.15 mg/ kgBW LPS; (4) Group 4 with 0.20 mg/ kgBW LPS; (5) Group 5 with 0.25 mg/ kgBW LPS. The LPS used in this study consisted of SIGMA L2880-10MG Lot # 025M4040V Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli 055: B5 Purified by phenol extraction. The dependent variable was death. The independent variable was LPS. The percent of mortality after 3 days of LPS administration was compared between the group of mice receiving <0.25 mg/ kgBW LPS and the group of mice receiving ≥0.25 mg/ kgBW LPS using chi square test. Results: The percent of mortality after 3 days of LPS administration in the group of mice receiving ≥ 0.25 mg/ kgBW LPS (75%) was higher than that in the group of mice receiving < 0.25 mg/ kgBW LPS (18.8%) (OR= 13.0; p= 0.028). It means that mice receiving ≥ 0.25 mg/ kgBW LPS had 13 times as many risk of death than mice receiving < 0.25 mg/ kgBW LPS, and it was statistically significant. Conclusion: LPS with ≥ 0.25 mg/ kgBW dose is more effective to cause death of mice than LPS with < 0.25 mg/ kgBW dose. Keywords: LPS, sepsis, mice, lethal dos