Induced pseudoscalar coupling of the proton weak interaction

The induced pseudoscalar coupling $g_p$ is the least well known of the weak coupling constants of the proton's charged--current interaction. Its size is dictated by chiral symmetry arguments, and its measurement represents an important test of quantum chromodynamics at low energies. During the past decade a large body of new data relevant to the coupling $g_p$ has been accumulated. This data includes measurements of radiative and non radiative muon capture on targets ranging from hydrogen and few--nucleon systems to complex nuclei. Herein the authors review the theoretical underpinnings of $g_p$, the experimental studies of $g_p$, and the procedures and uncertainties in extracting the coupling from data. Current puzzles are highlighted and future opportunities are discussed.Comment: 58 pages, Latex, Revtex4, prepared for Reviews of Modern Physic

The US nuclear weapon infrastructure and a stable global nuclear weapon regime

US nuclear weapons capabilities -- extant force structure and nuclear weapons infrastructure as well as declared policy -- influence other nations' nuclear weapons postures, at least to some extent. This influence can be desirable or undesirable, and is, of course, a mixture of both. How strong the influence is, and its nature, are complicated, controversial, and -- in our view -- not well understood but often overstated. Divergent views about this influence and how it might shape the future global nuclear weapons regime seem to us to be the most serious impediment to reaching a national consensus on US weapons policy, force structure and supporting infrastructure. We believe that a paradigm shift to capability-based deterrence and dissuasion is not only consistent with the realities of the world and how it has changed, but also a desirable way for nuclear weapon postures and infrastructures to evolve. The US and other nuclear states could not get to zero nor even reduce nuclear arms and the nuclear profile much further without learning to manage latent capability. This paper has defined three principles for designing NW infrastructure both at the 'next plateau' and 'near zero.' The US can be a leader in reducing weapons and infrastructure and in creating an international regime in which capability gradually substitutes for weapons in being and is transparent. The current 'strategy' of not having policy or a Congressionally-approved plan for transforming the weapons complex is not leadership. If we can conform the US infrastructure to the next plateau and architect it in such a way that it is aligned with further arms reductions, it will have these benefits: The extant stockpile can be reduced in size, while the smaller stockpile still deters attack on the US and Allies. The capabilities of the infrastructure will dissuade emergence of new challenges/threats; if they emerge, nevertheless, the US will be able to deal with them in time. We will begin to transform the way other major powers view their nuclear capability. Finally, and though of less cosmic importance, it will save money in the long run

Etude des variations de maturité des grappes de vigne selon leur position sur la souche Recherche d'une méthode d'échantillonnage

La valeur de différentes grappes comme échantillon représentatif des caractéristiques de maturité, teneur en sucre et acidité totale, de la souche entière est analysée. Les résultats montrent que le meilleur échantillonnage est constitué par le prélèvement de la grappe basale d'un rameau située à égale distance du tronc et de l'extrémité de la branche à fruit. Ce type de prélèvement, particulièrement satisfaisant dans les expériences où l'on désire surtout comparer et établir un classement, semble avoir une valeur assez générale dans différentes conditions (modes de conduite, années, localités).Untersuchungen über die Variabilität der Beerenreife in Beziehung zur Stellung der Traube am WeinstockEntwicklung einer Methode für die Entnahme von StichprobenEs wurde analysiert, welche Trauben eines Weinstockes eine reprasentative Aussage über die Beerenreife der ganzen Rebe ermöglichen (Reifekriterien: Zucker- und Gesamtsauregehalt).Für eine repräsentative Stichprobe wird am zweckmäßigsten die basale Traube eines Triebes entnommen, der gleich weit vom Stamm und von der Spitze der Tragrute entspringt. Dieser Art der Probenahme, die sich besonders für den Vergleich und die Klassifizierung von Reben eignet, dürfte eine allgemeinere Bedeutung, auch bei unterschiedlichen Erziehungsformen, Jahrgängen und Standorten, zukommen

Etude Comparee Des Aubes Au Moyen-age. (french Text).

PhDComparative literatureLanguage, Literature and LinguisticsUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/127501/2/7813671.pd