Redditi Turchi et potentiarum nobis. Un nuevo testimonio sobre la Cruzada contra el Imperio Otomano a mediados del siglo XV

The examination of liturgical codex 56-23 in Toledo Cathedral Library has revealed the existence of an exceptionally rich text, hitherto overlooked by researchers. This document contains an exhaustive assessment of the economic and military capabilities of the Turks and the Christian powers, as well as a description of their strengths and weaknesses in combat. Through the analysis of its contents and its materiality, on the one hand this article associates the circumstances of its origin and use with the preparations for the crusading project that Pius II organized against the Ottoman Empire in 1458. On the other it contextualizes and interprets this new evidence as one of the numerous crusading treatises that proliferated in humanist Europe after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453.El examen del códice litúrgico 56-23 de la Biblioteca Capitular de Toledo ha revelado la existencia de un texto de excepcional riqueza, hasta ahora ignorado por los investigadores, que recoge una exhaustiva valoración de la capacidad económica y militar del Turco y de las potencias cristianas, así como de sus virtudes y defectos en combate. A través del análisis de su contenido y de su materialidad, este artículo vincula las circunstancias de origen y uso de dicho escrito con los preparativos del proyecto bélico que Pío II emprendió contra el Imperio otomano en 1458 y lo contextualiza e interpreta en el seno de las numerosas creaciones literarias de cruzada que proliferaron en la Europa humanista tras la conquista otomana de Constantinopla en 1453

The East India Company’sFarmān, 1622‒1747

The East India Company’s presence and ongoing trade in Persia was reliant on the privileges outlined in the Farmān, granted after the capture of Hormuz in 1622. The relationship between these two powers was cemented in the rights enshrined in the Farmān, which was used by both to regulate their varying needs and expectations over the course of 125 years. This article explores the Company’s records of the Farmān and how changes to its terms were viewed from both sides. As a Persian document, the Farmān gives a clear view of the attitudes of native officials and rulers to the Company and how these terms were used as a means of control

Tari̇hçi̇ Şükrullâh Çelebi̇ (1380?-1460)

The historian Şükrullâh Çelebi (1380?-1460), coming from the family of ulemas, belongs to the less known figures of Ottoman historiography. Our knowledge concerning his life is very limited: in the period of 1402-1413 he must have been in the service of the şehzâdes reigning in Bursa, then he became one of the musâhibs of Murad II, finally he died in Mehmed II's time as a person of great reverence. It was Sultan Mehmed II for whom he compiled his world history, the Behcetü't- Tevârîh in the Persian language, in 1456-1458. One of the sources of this work was obviously identical with that formerly utilised by Ahmedî, then by Neşrî. Şükrullâh's Chronicle yielded source material for several later chronicles. His translation into Turkish of the Risâle min Edvâr, a Persian work of musicology, testifies to the presence of the classifying tendencies of Sultan Murad II's reign, which tried to bring the Ottoman culture in harmony with the classical Iranian culture. © 2008 Akadémiai Kiadó