Democratic deficit and multi-level governance in the European Union

東京水産大学共通講

The 2002 reform of the EC common fisheries policy and multilevel governance

東京海洋大学海洋科学部海洋政策文化学

A Study on the Unidentified Ship Incident in 2001

本論は2001 年12 月に奄美大島沖の東シナ海で発生した「不審船事件」を扱ったものである。本論はまず本事件に対する対処と、その際に適用された法的枠組みを検討した後、本事件における最大の問題点として、当該船舶が明らかに覚せい剤を日本に密輸しようとしていた工作船であったにもかかわらず、その取締りに際しては関連国内法の未整備故に漁業法を適用せざるを得ず、そのために様々な法的矛盾が生じた点を指摘した。航行自由の原則を出来うる限り損じることなく不審船に対処するための今後の課題として、本論はまず麻薬新条約における勧告に沿って、近隣諸国との間で麻薬や覚せい剤を積載すると信じる合理的な理由のある船舶を相互に取り締まる地域協定の締結を促進すること、及び我が国においては国際条約において認められた関連法令、とりわけ海上における禁止薬物の輸送を刑事罰の対象とする国内法制度の整備を速やかにはかるべきことを指摘している。This article addresses the incident of the unidentified ship in the East China Sea in December 2001. After reviewing how the authorities dealt with the incident and considering the legal framework applied at that time, it points out the most controversial fact that although the unidentified vessel was obviously believed to be the covert operation ship (spy ship) engaged in smuggling illicit drugs into Japan, the authorities had no other choice but to resort to the Fisheries Act, due to the lack of the relevant law, thus inducing several legal discrepancies. In order to handle such cases effectively in the future without undermining the freedom of the high seas, it suggests facilitating bilateral or regional agreements among the neighboring states to police the private ships that are reasonably believed to carry on board the illegal drugs for importation, as promoted by the U.N Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. On the other hand, the article also suggests the necessary domestic legislation in line with what the international treaties grant or encourage, above all the law to criminalize the transportation of illegal drugs by sea be enacted promptly

A Historical View on the European Privateering and Piracy

国連海洋法条約101条は海賊行為を、私有の船舶の乗組員が、私的目的のために行う略奪行為と定義している。しかし歴史上の多くの海賊が、実際には国家によって認可され、植民地の防衛や戦時における海商破壊等の公的目的を果たしていた「私掠船」であったことを考えるなら、「私有の船舶」及び「私的目的」の意味を明確にすることは難しい。そこで本論はまず私掠行為の発生と歴史的展開を考察し、国家が私掠船を奨励、もしくは黙認した歴史的背景と動機の解明につとめることにより、私掠行為の一貫した特長として、一定の国家戦略の存在を指摘した。更に本論は、19 世紀半ばに私掠行為が廃止された経緯を、主に国家による軍事力独占の過程から説明した。言い換えれば国家は、海上における軍事力を独占し、海賊を「万民の敵」とすることによって初めて海上における主権を確立したのである。The article 101 of the United Nations Law of the Sea defines "piracy" as "any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew …of a private ship". But it is still hard to make clear what "a private ship" and "private ends" mean, taking into consideration especially the fact that many historical pirates were legally "privateers", authorized by the state, serving the public ends such as the protection of the overseas colonies or commerce raiding in times of war. The following article tries to recognize the presence of a certain national strategy as a consistent feature of privateering, by describing its emergence and development and then examining its historical background and the strategic motives of the state to promote or condone it. The article then explains the process toward the abolition of privateering in the mid-19th century, mainly indicating the monopolization process of the means of violence by the state. In other words the state could finally establish its sovereignty at sea by abolishing privateering and declaring the pirates of any kind as "enemy of mankind".東京海洋大学海洋科学部海洋政策文化学

ミナミシナカイ フンソウ ニカンスル チュウサイ サイバンショ サイテイ

On July 12, 2016, the Arbitral Tribunal issued an arbitration award on the South China Sea Dispute between China and the Philippines. It concluded that China’s historic rights to resources in the maritime areas within the so-called “Nine-dash Line” are incompatible with the International Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS） and have no legal effect. At the same time, the Tribunal acknowledged that all high-tide features in the Spratly Islands are not entitled to an exclusive economic zone and continental shelf and that no overlapping entitlements exist in the maritime zones claimed by the Philippines. After giving the background and general outline of the Award, this paper examines the reasoning of the judgment, in particular the strict standards set by the Court when applying the article 121（ 3） of UNCLOS about the status of maritime features.　2016年7月12日に、仲裁裁判所は中国とフィリピンとの間における南シナ海紛争についての仲裁裁定を下した。その中で法廷は、中国のいわゆる九断線内の海域における資源に対する歴史的権利が国連海洋法条約とは両立せず、中国が主張する権利には法的根拠がないと結論付けた。更に法廷は、スプラトリー諸島における高潮線上の島嶼のすべてが排他的経済水域及び大陸棚に対する権限を有せず、フィリピンが主張する海域には権原の重複が存在しないことを認めた。　本稿は本裁定の背景と概要について紹介すると共に、今回の裁定における論拠、とりわけ島嶼の地位に関する国連海洋法条約121条3項を適用する際に設定された厳格な基準について考察した。東京海洋大学学術研究院海洋政策文化学部

EC Common Fisheries Policy in the Light of \u27Quota Hopping\u27 Cases

東京水産大学共通講

A Study on the Piracy Problem off the Coast of Somalia and the Anti-Piracy Measures against It

　近年におけるソマリア沖海賊被害の急増に対し、国連安保理は2008 年に採択した数度の決議によって加盟国に艦船の派遣を求めるとともに、ソマリア領海内、更には領土内における海賊対処行動を行うことを認めた。我が国は2009 年3 月に海上警備行動に基づいて自衛艦を派遣し、同年6 月には海賊対処法を制定してソマリア沖を通過する船舶の護衛活動を行っている。本論の第一の目的は、ソマリア沖海賊問題対処に際しての国際的・国内的な枠組みとその限界について客観的な指摘を行うことにより、海賊対処をめぐる議論の論点を明確にすることにある。その上で本論は、ソマリア沖海賊対処をめぐる法的問題点について考察を加え、世界の海を公海と領海を二分し、船舶取締りに際して旗国主義を貫いている近代海洋法秩序の限界を指摘した。こうした議論をふまえて本論は、安保理決議を通じた緊急措置の積み重ねによらず、公海上における集団的な警察活動等を可能にする国際的枠組み作りに国際社会が取り組むべきことを論じている。東京海洋大学海洋科学部海洋政策文化学

The new framework of international relations leading to the 1998 EC regulation on driftnet ban in Europe

東京海洋大学海洋科学部海洋政策文化学

Noncentral extensions as anomalies in classical dynamical systems

A two cocycle is associated to any action of a Lie group on a symplectic manifold. This allows to enlarge the concept of anomaly in classical dynamical systems considered by F. Toppan [in J. Nonlinear Math. Phys. 8, no.3 (2001) 518-533] so as to encompass some extensions of Lie algebras related to noncanonical actions.Comment: arxiv version is already officia

Prognostic factors for survival after first recurrence in breast cancer: a retrospective analysis of 252 recurrent cases at a single institution.

[Introduction]Previous studies have shown that primary breast cancer patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive status have better outcomes in terms of both overall survival and disease-free intervals (DFI). However, 25.2 % of our ER-positive patients experienced recurrence. This study aimed to define factors potentially predicting survival after first recurrence in surgically treated patients with stage I–III breast cancer. [Methods]We retrospectively analyzed 252 females with recurrent breast cancer who had undergone surgery and been followed at Kyoto University Hospital in Japan. Age, clinical stage, pathological stage, axillary lymph node involvement, ER status at the time of diagnosis, progesterone receptor status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status, operative method, adjuvant chemotherapy, adjuvant endocrine therapy, use of trastuzumab after recurrence, site of recurrence, DFI, and time of recurrence were examined for possible influences on survival after the first recurrence. [Results]Positive ER status and positive PR status at the time of diagnosis were significantly favorable factors of survival after first recurrence for patients with recurrence, p < 0.001 and p = 0.021, respectively. More than two sites of recurrence (p < 0.001) were associated with shorter survival time after the first recurrence on multivariate analysis. Survival of patients with recurrent breast cancer steadily improved from 1980–1994 to 1995–2008, significantly in ER-negative subgroups. [Conclusions]Positive ER status at the time of diagnosis is a powerful predictor for favorable survival after first recurrence. Survival time after first recurrence of breast cancer has steadily increased in recent decades. Advances in treatments and attitudes about breast cancer have contributed to this improvement in survival after first recurrence