The symple choice algorythm for estimating of parametersof network protetion prioroties in analitical hierarchic process

Humans depend on services provided by ecosystems, and how services are affected by climate change is increasingly studied. Few studies, however, address changes likely to affect services from seminatural ecosystems. We analyzed ecosystem goods and services in natural and seminatural systems, specifically how they are expected to change as a result of projected climate change during the 21st century. We selected terrestrial and freshwater systems in northernmost Europe, where climate is anticipated to change more than the global average, and identified likely changes in ecosystem services and their societal consequences. We did this by assembling experts from ecology, social science, and cultural geography in workshops, and we also performed a literature review. Results show that most ecosystem services are affected by multiple factors, often acting in opposite directions. Out of 14 services considered, 8 are expected to increase or remain relatively unchanged in supply, and 6 are expected to decrease. Although we do not predict collapse or disappearance of any of the investigated services, the effects of climate change in conjunction with potential economical and societal changes may exceed the adaptive capacity of societies. This may result in societal reorganization and changes in ways that ecosystems are used. Significant uncertainties and knowledge gaps in the forecast make specific conclusions about societal responses to safeguard human well-being questionable. Adapting to changes in ecosystem services will therefore require consideration of uncertainties and complexities in both social and ecological responses. The scenarios presented here provide a framework for future studies exploring such issues

Antioxidant Protects against Increases in Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronan and Inflammation in Asphyxiated Newborn Pigs Resuscitated with 100% Oxygen

BACKGROUND: Newborn resuscitation with 100% oxygen is associated with oxidative-nitrative stresses and inflammation. The mechanisms are unclear. Hyaluronan (HA) is fragmented to low molecular weight (LMW) by oxidative-nitrative stresses and can promote inflammation. We examined the effects of 100% oxygen resuscitation and treatment with the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), on lung 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), LMW HA, inflammation, TNFα and IL1ß in a newborn pig model of resuscitation. METHODS & PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Newborn pigs (n = 40) were subjected to severe asphyxia, followed by 30 min ventilation with either 21% or 100% oxygen, and were observed for the subsequent 150 minutes in 21% oxygen. One 100% oxygen group was treated with NAC. Serum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung sections, and lung tissue were obtained. Asphyxia resulted in profound hypoxia, hypercarbia and metabolic acidosis. In controls, HA staining was in airway subepithelial matrix and no 3-NT staining was seen. At the end of asphyxia, lavage HA decreased, whereas serum HA increased. At 150 minutes after resuscitation, exposure to 100% oxygen was associated with significantly higher BAL HA, increased 3NT staining, and increased fragmentation of lung HA. Lung neutrophil and macrophage contents, and serum TNFα and IL1ß were higher in animals with LMW than those with HMW HA in the lung. Treatment of 100% oxygen animals with NAC blocked nitrative stress, preserved HMW HA, and decreased inflammation. In vitro, peroxynitrite was able to fragment HA, and macrophages stimulated with LMW HA increased TNFα and IL1ß expression. CONCLUSIONS & SIGNIFICANCE: Compared to 21%, resuscitation with 100% oxygen resulted in increased peroxynitrite, fragmentation of HA, inflammation, as well as TNFα and IL1ß expression. Antioxidant treatment prevented the expression of peroxynitrite, the degradation of HA, and also blocked increases in inflammation and inflammatory cytokines. These findings provide insight into potential mechanisms by which exposure to hyperoxia results in systemic inflammation

Lung Injury in Asphyxiated Newborn Pigs Resuscitated from Cardiac Arrest - The Impact of Supplementary Oxygen, Longer Ventilation Intervals and Chest Compressions at Different Compression-to-Ventilation Ratios

Introduction: Non-specific lung inflammatory events caused by severe asphyxia may be intensified by the way we resuscitate the newly born. Assessing lung injury is potentially important because if alternative resuscitation approaches induces similar inflammatory responses or less lung injury. then we may choose the resuscitation approach that is most gentle, and easiest to perform and learn. We investigated the levels of lung inflammatory markers by comparing different ventilation, chest compression and inhaled oxygen fraction strategies in resuscitation of newly born pigs at cardiac arrest. Materials and Methodology: Progressive asphyxia in newborn pigs was induced until asystole occurred. With current resuscitation guidelines as a reference group, pigs were randomized to receive initial ventilation before chest compressions for 30s, 60s or 90s, or to compression-to-ventilation ratios 3:1or 9:3, or to resuscitation using pure oxygen or air. We analysed inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), IL8 and TNFα, and lung tissue qPCR for genes matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)2, MMP9, TNFα and ICAM-1. Results: BAL-levels of TNFα and IL8 tended to be higher in the 30s group compared to 60s group (p = 0.028 and p = 0.023, respectively) as was gene expression in lung tissue of ICAM-1 and MMP2 (p=0.012 and p=0.043, respectively). MMP2 expression was slightly higher in the 30s group compared to 90s group (p = 0.020). No differences were found between pigs resuscitated with C:V ratio 9:3 and 3:1 or pure oxygen versus air. Conclusion: Compared to current guidelines, with respect to lung injury, resuscitation with longer initial ventilation should be considered. Longer series of chest compressions did not change the lung inflammatory response, neither did the use of air instead of pure oxygen in severely asphyxiated pigs resuscitated from asystole

Resuscitation of Severely Asphyctic Newborn Pigs with Cardiac Arrest by Using 21% or 100% Oxygen

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; In spite of evidence suggesting that resuscitation with 100% O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is detrimental, international guidelines still recommend its use. Clinical studies comparing 21% and 100% O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; included many infants with only mild and moderate asphyxia. &lt;i&gt;Objectives:&lt;/i&gt; We aimed to investigate the effect of these oxygen fractions on haemodynamic parameters, arterial blood gases, oxygen saturation indices and markers of inflammation and hypoxic damage when resuscitating asystolic newborn pigs following asphyxia. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Newborn swine (n = 32, age 12–36 h, weight 2.0–2.7 kg) were progressively asphyxiated until asystole occurred. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated with ventilation with either 21% (n = 16) or 100% O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (n = 16). Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was defined as a heart rate ≧100 min&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Mean time of hypoxia, pH, base excess and pCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; at asystole were comparable between the groups. All animals except 2 in the 100% group achieved ROSC. One animal in the 21% group suffered bradycardia at baseline and was excluded. For the remaining 15 animals resuscitated with 21% O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, median time to ROSC (interquartile range) was 150 s (115–180), whereas animals in the 100% group achieved ROSC after 135 s (113–168); p = 0.80. There were no differences in the temporal changes in mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, pH, pCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, interleukin-1β or lactate/pyruvate ratios. However, systemic and regional cerebral oxygen saturations were higher in the animals resuscitated with 100% oxygen. &lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/i&gt; In this animal model of severe perinatal asphyxia, resuscitation with room air seemed to be as safe and effective as the use of 100% oxygen.</jats:p

Adaptive capacity to changes in terrestrial ecosystem services amongst primary small-scale resource users in northern Norway and Sweden

This paper presents results from case studies in which we investigate the interrelations between changes in ecosystem services (ESs) and adaptive capacity among small-scale users of multi-use forest or outfields resources in northern Sweden and Norway. The study presents a framework that utilizes scenarios for changes in ESs under climate change in combination with qualitative interviews with outfield resource users in order to assess their adaptive capacity to the projected changes. The study illustrates that ESs may change significantly under climate change, and in particular affect winter snow and ice conditions, for instance increasing the duration of the growing season but with consequences for pasture quality. We find that given structural constraints, the key factors that influence the selected resource users' adaptive capacity at an individual level include motivation and entrepreneurial inclinations, which are related to the lifestyle choice of making a livelihood based on small-scale and multi-use occupations.</p

Delayed Onset of Cardiac Compressions in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of Newborn Pigs with Asphyctic Cardiac Arrest

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; When 30 s of initial positive pressure ventilation fails to stabilize the heart rate (HR) of newborns in the delivery room, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation guidelines recommend initiation of cardiac compressions. However, it may take longer than 30 s to establish effective pulmonary gas exchange. Whether a longer period of initial ventilation to reverse asphyxia would result in less need for cardiac compressions is unknown. &lt;i&gt;Objectives:&lt;/i&gt; Our purpose was to investigate the effect of three different initial ventilation intervals prior to initiation of cardiac compressions on hemodynamic parameters, arterial blood gases, oxygen saturations and markers of inflammation and hypoxic damage in a piglet model of asystole due to asphyxia. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Noroc piglets were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. Progressive asphyxia was induced until asystole occurred. Randomization was made to ventilation with 21% O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; for (1) 30 s (n = 16), (2) 1 min (n = 16), or (3) 1.5 min (n = 8) before initiation of cardiac compressions. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was defined as HR ≧100 min&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Piglets initially ventilated for 30 s and 1 and 1.5 min achieved ROSC in a median of 150 (interquartile range 115–180),163 (124–177) and 282 (199–364) s, respectively. p value for group 1 versus group 2 was 0.51 and &lt;0.001 for group 1 versus group 3. There were no differences in temporal changes in oxygen saturations, mean arterial blood pressure, HR, pH, pCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, interleukin-1β or lactate/pyruvate ratios between groups. &lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/i&gt; Although an additional 30 s to ensure effective ventilation does not impair the speed or success in achieving ROSC, delaying circulatory support for as long as 1.5 min of initial ventilation may be harmful.</jats:p