Terminology of polymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)

A large group of industrially important polymerization processes is carried out in dispersed systems. These processes differ with respect to their physical nature, mechanism of particle formation, particle morphology, size, charge, types of interparticle interactions, and many other aspects. Polymer dispersions, and polymers derived from polymerization in dispersed systems, are used in diverse areas such as paints, adhesives, microelectronics, medicine, cosmetics, biotechnology, and others. Frequently, the same names are used for different processes and products or different names are used for the same processes and products. The document contains a list of recommended terms and definitions necessary for the unambiguous description of processes, products, parameters, and characteristic features relevant to polymers in dispersed systems

A lei de ferro de Michels e o pluralismo: a democracia na Guerra Fria

O texto revisita a teoria da organização partidária, a partir de um questionamento da impossibilidade da democracia partidária, tal como anuncia Robert Michels com sua noção de "lei de ferro" da oligarquia. Busca contextualizar o debate no âmbito da disputa ideológica do pensamento liberal da Guerra Fria. Procura explicitar as diferenças entre concepções de partidos e aborda o dilema socialista da participação de massas na representação moderna. Pretende atualizar a importância do resgate dos partidos no processo de emancipação do "público" na contemporaneidad

Manufacturing of α\alpha-lactalbumin-enriched whey systems by selective thermal treatment in combination with membrane processes

International audienceTill now, industrial fractionation and isolation processes for whey proteins have mainly been based on chemical process steps combined with membrane techniques. Actually, the reaction kinetics of thermal denaturation of $\alpha$-lactalbumin and $\beta$-lactoglobulin allow to compute the remaining portions of native whey proteins in dependence of the selected temperature-time conditions. In the temperature range of 85-95 °C and corresponding holding times, the differences in reaction rates for both whey protein fractions are highest i.e. only moderate denaturation for $\alpha$-lactalbumin but extensive denaturation for $\beta$-lactoglobulin. After such thermal treatment the ratio of native $\alpha$-lactalbumin to native $\beta$-lacto globulin may increase from 0.3 (raw milk) to approximately 4. An effective separation of aggregated (denatured) whey proteins from soluble whey proteins is achieved by means of microfiltration (ceramic membranes / $0.1 \mu$m)