Estudio socio económico de Turbaco, bases para un plan de desarrollo integral

Tesis (Economista).-- Universidad de Cartagena. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Programa de Economía, 1991El presente estudio tiene por objeto conocer el nivel general de vida de los habitantes del municipio y subregiones de turbaco, para elaborar un plan de desarrollo económico y social que nos permita satisfacer sus necesidades mas apremiantes y realizar las obras prioritarias para su desarrollo, para así mejorar la calidad de vida de sus habitantes

Is (+)-[ 13

OBJECTIVE: Recently, we have shown that the (+)-[13C]-pantoprazole is more dependent on CYP2C19 metabolic status than (−)-[13C]-pantoprazole. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that (+)-[(13)C]-pantoprazole is a more sensitive and selective probe for evaluating CYP2C19 enzyme activity than the racemic mixture. METHODS: (+)-[(13)C]-Pantoprazole (95 mg) was administered orally in a sodium bicarbonate solution to healthy volunteers. Breath and plasma samples were collected before and up to 720 minutes after dosing. The (13)CO(2) in exhaled breath samples was measured by infrared spectrometry. Ratios of (13)CO(2)/(12)CO(2) after (+)-[(13)C]-pantoprazole relative to (13)CO(2)/(12)CO(2) at baseline were expressed as delta over baseline (DOB). (+)-[(13)C]-Pantoprazole concentrations were measured by HPLC. Genomic DNA extracted from whole blood was genotyped for CYP2C19*2, *3 and *17 using Taqman assays. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences in the area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC(plasma(0-∞)) (p<0.001) and oral clearance (<0.01) of (+)-[(13)C]-pantoprazole as well as in the breath test indices [delta over baseline, DOB(30); and area under the DOB versus time curve, AUC(DOB(0-120))] (p<0.01) were observed among poor, intermediate and extensive metabolizer of CYP2C19. DOB(30) and AUC(DOB(0-120)) adequately distinguished poor metabolizer from intermediate and extensive metabolizer of CYP2C19. Breath test indices significantly correlated with plasma elimination parameters of (+)-[(13)C]-pantoprazole (Pearson correlations: −0.68 to −0.73). Although relatively higher breath test indices were observed after administration of (+)-[(13)C]-pantoprazole (present study) than after (±)-[(13)C]-pantoprazole (previous study), the performance of the racemic and the enantiomer as marker of CYP2C19 activity remained similar. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm that the metabolism of (+)-[(13)C]-pantoprazole is highly dependent on CYP2C19 metabolic status, but the breath test derived from it is not superior to the racemic [(13)C]-pantoprazole in evaluating CYP2C19 activity in vivo. Thus, racemic [(13)C]-pantoprazole which is relatively easy to synthesis and more stable than (+)-[(13)C]-pantoprazole is adequate as a probe of this enzyme

Demand for value‐added pork in Sweden: a latent class model approach

A choice experiment survey dataset is used to investigate heterogeneous preferences among Swedish consumers for attributes of pig production. To model the preferences, a random parameter logit model and a latent class model are estimated and compared. The comparison, based on predicted probability distribution, regression analysis of the probabilities, and investigation of the probability ratio, suggests that the latent class model is preferred to the random parameter logit model. Estimating a latent class model with three latent classes, using group dependent variables, i.e., class indicators, suggests that preferences may be characterized by food safety and animal welfare dimensions. Calculating the willingness to pay for the variables within each class, the author found that Class 1 is oriented towards animal welfare, Class 3 is oriented towards food safety, and Class 2 is intermediate of Class 1 and Class 3. Moreover, class membership and its implication for the assessment of organic pork are investigated. The respondents within the “food safety-conscious” class have a strong belief that organic food products are safer, though this class is also found to be the most price sensitive. The “animal welfare‐conscious” respondents are also price sensitive, but to a lesser extent than the food safety‐conscious consumers. Moreover, respondents that show a concern for animal welfare do not believe that organic pork is produced under more animal friendly conditions. The relatively large size of the animal welfare‐conscious class and the negative perception of organic pork found in this group suggest that market opportunities exist for the marketing of animal welfare‐certified products. [EconLit citations: C010; C500; Q100]. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.