New York, New York: Highlights of the 2019 Bail Reform Law

n April 2019, New York passed legislation on bail reform to update a set of state pretrial laws that had remained largely untouched since 1971. Compared to California's Senate Bill 10, passed in August 2018, or New Jersey's Bail Reformand Speedy Trial Act, enacted in January 2017, New York's new bail law received relatively little media coverage or national press. To many interested in bail and pretrial justice, New York's reform seemed un-newsworthy as it didn't go as far as originally promised to eliminate money bail entirely.Yet the relative lack of fanfare over the passage of New York's new bail law belies its historic and transformative potential to end mass incarceration at the local level. If implemented effectively, a conservative estimate of the  legislation's impact suggests that New York can expect at least a 40 percent reduction overall in the state'spretrial jail population.1 That bests the 30.4 percent reduction achieved by bail reform in New Jersey, and the anticipated impact of Senate Bill 10 in California— which is currently on hold pending a challenge by the bail bond industry—if it goes into effect in 2020.What exactly comprises New York's new bail law? What inspired this set of reforms? Can bail reform truly claim to be bold if money isn't eliminated entirely? And what precedent might New York's model of bail reform set for other jurisdictions?This primer provides historical context and an overview of the legislation itself, highlights five unique aspects of the legislation, and offers a few thoughts for how the wins in New York can inspire more comprehensive and transformative bail reform elsewhere.

Biochemical and haematological aspect of hypophosphatemia in pregnant Murrah buffaloes

Present study was conducted on 40 pregnant Murrah buffaloes belonging to Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh, India. Animals were divided into two groups, Group I (n=10) consisting of clinically healthy animals and Group II (n=30) consisting of hypophosphataemic animals with a history of passing coffee colored urine, reduced appetite and decreased milk production. Serum biochemical parameters divulged high mean concentration of serum glucose, bilirubin, total bilirubin, ALT and AST besides serum alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen while as notably decreased levels of serum albumin, enzyme glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and total serum protein. The blood mineral picture divulged elevated levels of potassium, molybdenum and iron whereas remarkably reduced concentrations of copper and phosphorous were recorded. Hematological studies revealed decreased red blood cells (RBC) count, hemoglobin( Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) with increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), neutrophil and lymphocyte count

Left Frontal Lobe Tumor-Induced Intraoperative Premature Ventricular Beats

AbstractIn the absence of cardiac pathology, premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in neurosurgical patients frequently accompany subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, or raised intracranial pressure. PVCs detected during preanesthesia assessment prompts detailed cardiac evaluation. Our 57-year-old patient, a case of left frontal meningioma, with controlled hypertension, diabetes and hypothyroidism, had normal preoperative ECG and potassium. However, immediately on anesthesia induction, she developed multiple refractory to treatment PVCs but with normal blood pressure. Anesthesia, which was maintained with sevoflurane and fentanyl, was deepened to exclude light anesthesia as the cause, without useful outcome. Two lignocaine boluses (100 mg each), followed by its infusion, also proved ineffective. Her blood gases and potassium, checked twice, were normal. Throughout, her hemodynamics remained stable. As soon as tumor was removed, the PVCs disappeared not to return. Her postoperative recovery was uneventful with normal ECG.</jats:p

A Review on Pharmacological Properties of Zingerone (4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone)

Humans have been using natural products for medicinal use for ages. Natural products of therapeutic importance are compounds derived from plants, animals, or any microorganism. Ginger is also one of the most commonly used condiments and a natural drug in vogue. It is a traditional medicine, having some active ingredients used for the treatment of numerous diseases. During recent research on ginger, various ingredients like zingerone, shogaol, and paradol have been obtained from it. Zingerone (4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone) is a nontoxic and inexpensive compound with varied pharmacological activities. It is the least pungent component of Zingiber officinale. Zingerone is absent in fresh ginger but cooking or heating transforms gingerol to zingerone. Zingerone closely related to vanillin from vanilla and eugenol from clove. Zingerone has potent anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antilipolytic, antidiarrhoeic, antispasmodic, and so forth properties. Besides, it displays the property of enhancing growth and immune stimulation. It behaves as appetite stimulant, anxiolytic, antithrombotic, radiation protective, and antimicrobial. Also, it inhibits the reactive nitrogen species which are important in causing Alzheimer’s disease and many other disorders. This review is written to shed light on the various pharmacological properties of zingerone and its role in alleviating numerous human and animal diseases

A new community safety blueprint: How the federal government can address violence and harm through a public health approach

To keep individuals, families, and communities truly safe from violence and harm, policymakers must tackle the "social determinants of safety" that contribute to neighborhood violence in the first place. Just as in public health, where prevention is the most effective way to keep people healthy, preventative safety is the most effective way to maintain public safety. Yet federal spending and policy priorities are not structured to harness this insight—the U.S. government dramatically underspends on programs that are most effective at improving community safety, while allocating billions to punitive programs that harm both families and communities. The following blueprint is designed to help federal lawmakers address this mismatch by outlining an evidence-based policy agenda that prioritizes upstream interventions to advance community safety. Given widespread concerns about community violence and harm, as well as the forthcoming expiration of American Rescue Plan Act (ARP) dollars currently funding community safety interventions, it is more essential than ever that the U.S. government build sustainable, flexible, and long-term funding streams for evidence-based safety programs. The blueprint begins with an overview of recent crime trends to provide context for thinking about violence as a place-based issue. After establishing this baseline, the blueprint highlights the evidence behind investments that prevent and reduce violence while strengthening communities from the bottom-up. Next, it highlights five categories of federal policy recommendations designed to prevent and reduce violence:  Public health and preventionEconomic opportunity and housing securityYouth development and education Built environment and community spacesInstitutional transformationTo illustrate the viability of each recommendation, we also include examples of successfully implemented policy interventions. The blueprint concludes by recasting the affirmative vision for community safety

Antibiotics, Resistome and Resistance Mechanisms: A Bacterial Perspective

History of mankind is regarded as struggle against infectious diseases. Rather than observing the withering away of bacterial diseases, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a serious global health concern. Medium of antibiotic resistance in bacteria varies greatly and comprises of target protection, target substitution, antibiotic detoxification and block of intracellular antibiotic accumulation. Further aggravation to prevailing situation arose on observing bacteria gradually becoming resistant to different classes of antibiotics through acquisition of resistance genes from same and different genera of bacteria. Attributing bacteria with feature of better adaptability, dispersal of antibiotic resistance genes to minimize effects of antibiotics by various means including horizontal gene transfer (conjugation, transformation, and transduction), Mobile genetic elements (plasmids, transposons, insertion sequences, integrons, and integrative-conjugative elements) and bacterial toxin-antitoxin system led to speedy bloom of antibiotic resistance amongst bacteria. Proficiency of bacteria to obtain resistance genes generated an unpleasant situation; a grave, but a lot unacknowledged, feature of resistance gene transfer

Authentication of Apis Cerana and Apis Mellifera Derived Honey Using Major Royal Jelly Protein 2 Gene and Spectroscopy

Honey, as a natural health product, encounter great compositional influence by its entomological, botanical and geographical origin. In Bangladesh, apiculture relies on the honey production by mostly the European honeybee, Apis mellifera. However, the Asian honeybee Apis cerana honey typically costs three times as much as honey from A. mellifera in honey market due to the production limit, variation in nutrient composition, being prone to adulteration by mislabeling or incorporation of two honey. A. mellifera honey may be mislabeled as A. cerana honey or mixed with A. cerana honey by dishonest businesses and beekeepers who are motivated by substantial earnings. The current study used the MRJP2 (Major Royal Jelly Protein 2) gene and spectroscopic analysis to differentiate honey from A. mellifera and A. cerana. Primers for two different species were designed. A. cerana and A. mellifera exhibited amplification products of 212 and 560 bp, respectively. Duplex PCR was able to identify the presence of as little as 1% A. mellifera honey in the mixture. A. mellifera and A. cerana originated honey was differentiated using MRJP2 gene and UV-VIS spectroscopy. The resulted banding pattern can be used to identify adulterated honey. UV-VIS spectroscopy has been used to determine the concentration of DNA at different wavelength for standardizing the corresponding honey types. Amplifications MRJP2 gene fragments in gel electrophoresis and responsiveness in screening for two honey types with their probable admixtures provided an effective tool for discriminating the honey types. DNA Spectrophotometric Spectrum analysis in different wavelengths and ratios also provided a clear-cut discrimination protocol of these two honey types. The findings of these two methods can be used efficiently apply towards authentication of the honey originated by A. mellifera and A. cerana in the honey market of Bangladesh.</jats:p