Doing business 2016

노트 : Economy Profile 2016Korea, Rep

Swimming Against the Tide: How Developing Countries Are Coping with the Global Crisis

Background Paper prepared by World Bank Staff for the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting, Horsham, United Kingdom on March 13-14, 2009

Fostering Social Change in Peru Through Communication: The Case of the Manuani Miners Association

Much has been done to formalize miners in Peru; since its inception in 2006 the Ministry of Environment passed laws to align mining policies with international standards. However, the combination of the necessity to have a source of income and the rapid acquisition of money that illegal and informal gold mining provides has proven a serious impasse for the Peruvian government; hence these mining practices keep growing. As part of the Initiative for the Conservation of the Andean Amazon II (ICAA II), the Manuani Miners Association in Madre de Dios, one of the regions more prone to illegal mining and bad environmental practices in Peru, started a land restoration, remediation, and reforestation process of the degraded rainforest. This case study analyzes how a program within ICAA II used communication to promote this significant change in behavior, what communicational tools were used, and what is their possible further applicability in similar scenarios to foster positive change

El agua importa : crecimiento resiliente, inclusivo y verde por medio de seguridad hídrica en América Latina

Existen desafíos urgentes en el sector del agua que amenazan el desarrollo sostenible de la región. El acceso a servicios de agua y saneamiento es inequitativo, con mayores brechas en comunidades rurales, indígenas y periurbanas. Los extremos relacionados con el agua, como inundaciones y sequías, se están volviendo más frecuentes y severos, teniendo efectos negativos en comunidades de bajos ingresos. Estas brechas son más propensas a ampliarse debido a prácticas insostenibles de gestión del agua, crecientes demandas de usuarios de agua en competencia, aumento de la contaminación e impactos del cambio climático. En América Latina y el Caribe (LAC), la infraestructura inadecuada resulta en una falta de almacenamiento y una inversión limitada reduce la capacidad de las instituciones para lograr una gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos y mejorar la provisión de servicios. Este informe es el resultado de investigaciones, diálogos con múltiples partes interesadas, fortalecimiento institucional y asesoramiento político para los tomadores de decisiones en temas relacionados con el agua. Centrados en mejorar la gobernanza del agua, los autores tienen como objetivo contribuir a sociedades más prósperas e inclusivas

Legal Preconditions for Contractual Relations in the Transition to a Market Economy:

Summaries This article examines the process of transformation of the legal framework of contractual relationships in transition economies by looking at the case of Bulgaria in the period 1990–97. The aim is to throw light on the state of the legal preconditions for establishing an economic system based on freedom of contract and on enforcement of contractual obligations. The first part of the article focuses on the development of the substantive regulation of commercial contract and its problems in a post? totalitarian setting. The second part identifies the different mechanisms of conflict resolution and enforcement. The emphasis is on evaluating the role of the Judiciary and the factors accounting for that role

The Price of Failure:

Summaries This article examines the development of monetary policy in Russia since prices were liberalised in 1992. It traces events from the monetary overhang which preceded that step, through sharp inflation and the monetary contraction with which stability was restored, to the present crisis of illiquidity and demonetisation. The article argues that, far from easing the way to flexible, market?based policies, this chain of events has left policymakers as severely boxed in as at the start. While any reform strategy was fraught with danger, it would have been better to take a less cavalier attitude to prices and concentrate from the beginning on building the financial and legal institutions required for macro?economic policy to work

Taxation and Development: a Review of Donor Support to Strengthen Tax Systems in Developing Countries

Recent years have seen a growing interest among donors on taxation in developing countries. This reflects a concern for domestic revenue mobilization to finance public goods and services, as well as recognition of the centrality of taxation for growth and redistribution. The global financial crisis has also led many donor countries to pay more attention to the extent and effectiveness of the aid they provide, and to ensuring that they support rather than discourage the developing countries’ own revenue-raising efforts. This paper reviews the state of knowledge on aid and tax reform in developing countries, with a particular focus on sub-Saharan Africa. Four main issues are addressed: (1) impacts of donor assistance to strengthen tax systems, including what has worked, or not, and why; (2) challenges in ‘scaling up’ donor efforts; (3) how to best provide assistance to reform tax systems; and (4) knowledge gaps to be filled in order to design better donor interventions. The paper argues that donors should complement the traditional ‘technical’ approach to tax reform with measures that encourage constructive engagement between governments and citizens over tax issues.Department for International DevelopmentBill and Melinda Gates Foundatio

A New Trichotomous Measure of World-system Position Using the International Trade Network

Snyder and Kick's (1979) measure of world-system position continues to serve as the premier trichotomous network indicator of a state's location in the capitalist world economy. In this study, we identify several problems with this orthodox measure concerning its age, informal construction, and incorporation of inappropriate networks. We introduce a trichotomous network measure of world-system position that addresses these concerns, applying Borgatti and Everett's (1999) core/periphery model to a three-tiered partition using international trade data. Our trichotomous measure of the trade network identifies an expanded core, consisting of an old orthodox core joined by a set of upwardly mobile states. We estimate the effect of world-system position on economic growth and find that our trade measure significantly outperforms Snyder and Kick's orthodox measure. When controlling for human capital, the strong effects of our trade measure persist, while the weaker effects estimated by the orthodox measure largely disappear. Moreover, our models with human capital reveal that states economically converge within world-system zones, while continuing to diverge between zones.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Introduction: Why Reflect Collectively on Capacities for Change?

‘Capacity development’ implies a promise of growing self?reliance, national ownership and sustainability, yet practice seems consistently to fall short of this emancipatory promise. This introduction argues for a reframing of capacity development for emancipatory social change. Articles in this IDS Bulletin show how understanding and practice must engage with complexity, appreciate the importance of specific culture and context, and continually address the role of power in shaping relationships, understandings and practices. Values and leadership are fundamental drivers of capacity development processes. This IDS Bulletin argues against a deficit approach based on linear causal logic and replicable ‘best practice’. Instead, practitioners are encouraged to develop a detailed understanding of the culture and dynamics of specific contexts, to detect energies for positive change and work to connect and facilitate them. Learning is at the centre of the approach. Capacity development is understood as a collective process of learning in action for social change. Support for capacity development processes demands a critical development practice that implies mutual learning, with an emphasis on reflective and experiential approaches. However, this reframing implies enormous challenges for development practice, and therefore considerable personal and organisational commitment