EFFECT OF PLANTING GEOMETRY AND MULCHING ON MOISTURE CONSERVATION, WEED CONTROL AND WHEAT GROWTH UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS

Abstract The investigation to evaluate the effect of planting geometry and mulching on soil moisture, weed control and growth parameters of wheat under rainfed conditions was carried out at the University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi during rabi [2001][2002]. The experiment comprised of three types of planting geometries i.e., 25 cm apart single rows, 40 and 55 cm apart double and triple row strips, respectively. Wheat straw mulch i.e., 1, 2, 3 and 4 t ha -1 was compared against control. The results obtained indicated that mulching treatments had significantly increased soil moisture contents at tillering (6-21 %), booting (4-16 %) and grain (2-24 %) formation stage when mulch rate increased from 1 to 4 t ha -1 compared to control treatment. Similarly, the increase in mulch rate from 1 to 4 t ha -1 wheat straw when compared with control, progressively increased the emergence count (24-42 %), number of tillers (26-52 %), plant height (10 -37 %) and reduced the weed biomass (3-17 %). This indicated that emergence counts, plant height, number of tillers were directly proportional to the mulching material while weed biomass was inversely proportional to it. The planting geometry and interaction between mulching and planting geometry had nonsignificant effect on moisture contents through out the crop growth period except at tillering stage where maximum moisture contents recorded 16.80 % when 4 tones wheat straw mulch was applied in combination with 40 cm apart double row strip planting

Características biométricas dos cereais forrageiros de inverno crescidos sob fertilização com nitrogênio em condições de chuva temperada

The farmers of hilly areas face severe fodder shortage in winter season except to have only dry stalks of summer cereals. The study aimed to evaluate the adaptability of winter forage cereals (barley, oats, rye and triticale) and to quantify the suitable dose of nitrogen (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg.ha-1) for the assessment of bio-metric and qualitative characteristics of winter forage cereals (WFCs) at booting stage (BS) and milking dough stage (MDS) grown under temperate conditions. Two years (2016-2017 and 2017-2018) field trials were executed at the University of Poonch Rawalakot, Pakistan. Harvested forage then preserved as silage by adding Formic acid and Molasses as additives at the rate of 5 kg.t-1. Rye crop in conjunction with 225 kg.ha-1 nitrogen out yielded greater plant height which led to the highest green fodder (55413 and 43542 kg.ha-1) and dry matter yield (188471 and 12440 kg.ha-1) during consecutive years 2017 and 2018, respectively. Whereas, oats cultivar performed better for fresh weight, dry weight and leaf area per plant. More crude protein contents were recorded for triticale crop at N3 level with use of molasses during both the years at both cutting stages (booting and milking dough). More crude fibre was noted in barley crop at control level of nitrogen fertilization on both booting and milking dough stage. The correlation analysis revealed direct interrelationship among yield attributes and fodder yield of winter forage cereals and thus indicating the need to supply nitrogen at the rate of 225 kg.ha-1 for improving biometric characteristics of WFCs.Los agricultores de las zonas montañosas se enfrentan a una grave escasez de forraje en la temporada de invierno, excepto para tener solo tallos secos de cereales de verano. El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la adaptabilidad de los cereales forrajeros de invierno (cebada, avena, centeno y triticale) y cuantificar la dosis adecuada de nitrógeno (0, 75,150 y 225 kg.ha-1) para la valoración de características biométricas y cualitativas de cereales forrajeros de invierno (WFC) en fase de arranque (BS) y fase de masa de ordeño (MDS) cultivados en condiciones templadas. Se llevaron a cabo pruebas de campo de dos años (2016-2017 y 2017-2018) en la Universidad de Poonch Rawalakot, Pakistán. El forraje cosechado luego se conserva como ensilado agregando ácido fórmico y melaza como aditivos a razón de 5 kg.t-1. El cultivo de centeno en conjunto con 225 kg.ha-1 de nitrógeno rindió mayor altura de planta lo que llevó a la mayor producción de forraje verde (55413 y 43542 kg.ha-1) y de materia seca (188471 y 12440 kg.ha-1) durante años 2017 y 2018, respectivamente. Considerando que, el cultivar de avena se comportó mejor en peso fresco, peso seco y área foliar por planta. Se registraron más contenidos de proteína cruda para el cultivo de triticale a nivel N3 con el uso de melaza durante ambos años en ambas etapas de corte (masa de arranque y ordeño). Se observó más fibra cruda en el cultivo de cebada al nivel de control de fertilización con nitrógeno tanto en la etapa de arranque como en la etapa de masa de ordeño. El análisis de correlación reveló una interrelación directa entre los atributos de rendimiento y el rendimiento de forraje de los cereales forrajeros de invierno, lo que indica la necesidad de suministrar nitrógeno a razón de 225 kg.ha-1 para mejorar las características biométricas de los WFC.Os agricultores de áreas montanhosas enfrentam severa escassez de forragem no inverno, exceto por terem apenas hastes secas de cereais de verão. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a adaptabilidade de cereais forrageiros de inverno (cevada, aveia, centeio e triticale) e quantificar a dose adequada de nitrogênio (0, 75, 150 e 225 kg.ha-1) para avaliação de características biométricas e qualitativas. de cereais forrageiros de inverno (WFCs) na fase de inicialização (BS) e fase de massa de ordenha (MDS) cultivadas em condições temperadas. Testes de campo de dois anos (2016-2017 e 2017-2018) foram executados na Universidade de Poonch Rawalakot, Paquistão. A forragem colhida e depois preservada como silagem pela adição de ácido fórmico e melaço como aditivos na taxa de 5 kg.t-1. A safra de centeio em conjunto com 225 kg.ha-1 de nitrogênio gerou maior altura de planta, o que levou à maior forragem verde (55413 e 43542 kg.ha-1) e produção de matéria seca (188471 e 12440 kg.ha-1) durante anos de 2017 e 2018, respectivamente. Já a cultivar de aveia apresentou melhor desempenho para massa fresca, massa seca e área foliar por planta. Mais teores de proteína bruta foram registrados para a cultura do triticale no nível de N3 com uso de melaço durante ambos os anos em ambas as fases de corte (booting e massa de ordenha). Mais fibra bruta foi observada na cultura da cevada no nível de controle da fertilização com nitrogênio, tanto na fase de inicialização quanto na fase de ordenha da massa. A análise de correlação revelou uma inter-relação direta entre os atributos de produção e a produção de forragem de cereais forrageiros de inverno e, portanto, indicando a necessidade de fornecimento de nitrogênio na proporção de 225 kg.ha-1 para melhorar as características biométricas de WFCs

Contrastive Analysis of English and Urdu Languages

This research study undertakes an exploratory and descriptive analysis to identify the differences and similarities between pronouns in the English and Urdu languages. Utilizing Lado’s Model of contrastive analysis (1957), the study systematically compares the structures of both languages, aiming to uncover how each handles pronouns across various categories: demonstrative, personal, possessive, reflexive, indefinite, and relative. Data is derived from intermediate-level grammar guides for both languages, supplemented by additional resources for thorough analysis. The findings reveal distinct patterns in pronoun usage, highlighting significant differences in gender representation, pluralization, and cultural nuances. For instance, English pronouns exhibit clear gender distinctions, while Urdu employs the same terms regardless of gender. Additionally, Urdu pronouns reflect varying degrees of formality and intimacy, which lack direct equivalents in English. These insights are critical for understanding the challenges faced by Urdu speakers learning English and can inform educators and curriculum developers in creating tailored instructional strategies. Overall, this study bridges theoretical frameworks with practical applications, contributing to the field of applied linguistics and enhancing the learning experience for students. Keywords: Contrastive analysis, English, Urdu, Pronoun

HUBUNGAN IKLAN POLITIK KANDIDAT PRESIDEN TERHADAP TINGKAT KOGNISI DAN SIKAP POLITIK PEMILIH PEMULA

Abstract The research is motivated by the ability of political advertising on television in shaping the image and increase the popularity of a figure and the large number voters which amounts to 30% -40% of the total voters nationally. This study aims to determine the relationship of political advertising with the level of cognition and political attitudes voters. The method used is the method quantitative descriptive correlational approach. This study is located in Southeast Sulawesi Baubau City with a sample of 377 respondents of whom are first-time voters. To collect the necessary data, used questionnaires distributed to all respondents. Some of the statistical test used is the statistical terms and tests the hypothesis that political ads are used as research subjects Abu Rizal Bakrie political advertising, Prabowo and Wiranto. The results showed that political advertising on television is more effective in conveying the message to the respondent because the television is able to provide audio and visual display together. Political ad also contribute effectively to the improvement of cognition and political attitudes of the respondents. Respondents felt the benefit of political advertising because respondents generally gain knowledge of the candidate's vision and mission. Visible changes in the attitude of the respondents which is the accumulation of information and the level of cognition or knowledge gained from the respondents who watch political ads. The higher level of cognition of respondents to the presidential candidates will increasingly affect the political attitudes of the respondents. In this study also found that environmental factors (political support parents and attitudes about environmental politics) did influence the level of cognition and political attitudes of the respondents. In conclusion the study that political ads on television presidential candidate than as a powerful strategy for shaping the image and increase the popularity of a presidential candidate, is also very helpful for the voters to know the Indonesian presidential candidates.Abstrak Penelitian dilatarbelakangi oleh kemampuan iklan politik di televisi dalam membentuk citra dan menaikkan popularitas seorang figur serta besarnya angka pemilih pemula yang jumlahnya mencapai 30%-40% dari total wajib pilih secara nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan iklan politik dengan tingkat kognisi dan sikap politik pemilih pemula. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif korelasional melalui pendekatan kuantitatif. Penelitian ini berlokasi di Kota Baubau Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara dengan jumlah sampel 377 responden yang kesemuanya merupakan pemilih pemula. Untuk mengumpulkan data yang diperlukan, digunakan kuesioner yang disebarkan kepada seluruh responden. Beberapa uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji syarat statistik dan uji hipotesis Iklan politik yang dijadikan subyek penelitian ini adalah iklan politik Abu Rizal Bakrie, Prabowo Subianto, dan Wiranto. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa iklan politik di televisi lebih efektif dalam menyampaikan pesan kepada responden karena televisi mampu memberikan tampilan audio dan visual secara bersama-sama. Iklan politiknya juga memberikan sumbangan yang efektif terhadap peningkatan kognisi dan sikap politik responden. Responden merasakan manfaat dari iklan politik karena responden umumnya mendapatkan pengetahuan tentang visi dan misi kandidat. Terlihat perubahan sikap responden yang merupakan akumulasi dari informasi dan tingkat kognisi atau pengetahuan yang diperoleh responden dari iklan politik yang ditonton. Semakin tinggi tingkat kognisi responden terhadap kandidat presiden maka akan semakin memengaruhi sikap politik responden. Dalam penelitian ini juga ditemukan bahwa faktor lingkungan (dukungan politik orang tua dan sikap politik lingkungan sekitar) ikut memengaruhi tingkat kognisi dan sikap politik responden. Sebagai kesimpulan penelitian bahwa penayangan iklan politik kandidat presiden di televisi selain sebagai salah satu strategi ampuh untuk membentuk citra dan menaikkan popularitas seorang kandidat presiden, juga sangat membantu pemilih pemula untuk mengenal para kandidat presiden Republik Indonesia.

Citrus peel extract and powder attenuate hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia using rodent experimental modeling

Objective: To investigate hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic potential of citrus peel extract and powder using rodent experimental modeling. Methods: Considering the fact, rat feeding trial was carried out for a period of 56 d to access the prophylaxis of citrus peel flavonoids by employing normal (study I), hyperglycemic (study II) and hypercholesterolemic (study III) rats. Each study was further divided into three groups to ensure the provision of selected diets, i.e., control, functional and nutraceutical diets. Each study was further divided into three groups to ensure the provision of selected diets, i.e., control, functional and nutraceutical diets. Results: Declining trend for total cholesterol was observed in all studies with maximum reduction (8.55%) in rat group fed on nutraceutical diet in study III. Likewise, levels of low density lipoproteins and triglycerides reduced 11.39% and 7.89% respectively in hypercholesterolemic rats. Moreover, nutraceutical diet alleviated the sera glucose level by 8.96% in study II. Conclusions: Conclusively, inclusion of citrus peel bioflavonoids in dietary therapies is a promising strategy to modulate lipidemic and glycemic attributes without imparting any deleterious effect on hematological parameters

Selenium and Salt Interactions in Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.): Ion Uptake, Antioxidant Defense System, and Photochemistry Efficiency

Salinity is a major abiotic stress which limits crop production, especially under rainfed conditions. Selenium (Se), as an important micronutrient, plays a vital role in mitigating detrimental effects of different abiotic stresses. The objective of this research was to examine the effect of Se fertilization on black gram (Vigna mungo) under salt stress. Our results showed that salt stress (100 mM NaCl) in leaves significantly induced oxidative damage and caused a decline in relative water content, chlorophyll (Chl), stomatal conductance (gs), photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), sucrose, and reducing sugars. A low dose of Se (1.5 ppm) significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide content, malondialdehyde formation, cell membrane damage, and also improved antioxidative enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase under salt stress. Se-treated plants exhibited higher Chl, gs, Fv/Fm, sucrose, and reducing sugars than untreated plants in response to salt stress. In addition, Se application enhanced Se uptake and reduced Na+ uptake, but Cl remained unaffected. Our results indicated that a low dose of Se effectively alleviated salt damage via inhibition of Na+ uptake and enhanced antioxidant defense resulting in a significant decrease in oxidative damage, and maintained gaseous exchange and PS II function for sucrose and reducing sugars accumulation in black gram

A Review of Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.)

Current lifestyle and excessive use of synthetic fertilizers in agriculture field promote an unhealthy lifestyle that urges the researchers looking for a healthy and beneficial diet. Numerous crop plants have nutritional, functional, nutraceutical, and therapeutic properties. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum gracium) is a popular crop known for these qualities and is beneficial in the human diet. It is an annual plant from the Leguminosae family that is commonly grown in the Mediterranean and Asian countries. It is mostly grown for its spices, though it can also be used for food (feed) and medicinal (antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic properties). Fenugreek is famous for its versatile uses, grown under moderate conditions (drought and salinity), white flowering herb, and self-pollinated plant. Fenugreek composition consists of various nutrients like vitamins, minerals, proteins, lipids, fibre, amino acids, and bioactive compounds that are used for medicinal purposes. Due to higher fibre content fenugreek is called a food stabilizer and emulsifying agent for changing food texture. Fenugreek has numerous health benefits, including the ability to lower blood sugar, heart problems, menstrual cramps, anti-cancer, reduce inflammation, and support healthy skin and hair. This review highlights the nutritional value of fenugreek with various health and medicinal benefits. Despite its multiple advantages, this review paper also discussed health problems associated with the usage of fenugreek, such as allergies and possible adverse effects linked with fenugreek use

Substitution of a single non-coding nucleotide upstream of TMEM216 causes non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa and is associated with reduced TMEM216 expression

Genome analysis of individuals affected by retinitis pigmentosa (RP) identified two rare nucleotide substitutions at the same genomic location on chromosome 11 (g.61392563 [GRCh38]), 69 base pairs upstream of the start codon of the ciliopathy gene TMEM216 (c.−69G>A, c.−69G>T [GenBank: NM_001173991.3]), in individuals of South Asian and African ancestry, respectively. Genotypes included 71 homozygotes and 3 mixed heterozygotes in trans with a predicted loss-of-function allele. Haplotype analysis showed single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) common across families, suggesting ancestral alleles within the two distinct ethnic populations. Clinical phenotype analysis of 62 available individuals from 49 families indicated a similar clinical presentation with night blindness in the first decade and progressive peripheral field loss thereafter. No evident systemic ciliopathy features were noted. Functional characterization of these variants by luciferase reporter gene assay showed reduced promotor activity. Nanopore sequencing confirmed the lower transcription of the TMEM216 c.−69G>T allele in blood-derived RNA from a heterozygous carrier, and reduced expression was further recapitulated by qPCR, using both leukocytes-derived RNA of c.−69G>T homozygotes and total RNA from genome-edited hTERT-RPE1 cells carrying homozygous TMEM216 c.−69G>A. In conclusion, these variants explain a significant proportion of unsolved cases, specifically in individuals of African ancestry, suggesting that reduced TMEM216 expression might lead to abnormal ciliogenesis and photoreceptor degeneration

Substitution of a single non-coding nucleotide upstream of TMEM216 causes non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa and is associated with reduced TMEM216 expression

Genome analysis of individuals affected by retinitis pigmentosa (RP) identified two rare nucleotide substitutions at the same genomic location on chromosome 11 (g.61392563 [GRCh38]), 69 base pairs upstream of the start codon of the ciliopathy gene TMEM216 (c.-69G>A, c.-69G>T [GenBank: NM_001173991.3]), in individuals of South Asian and African ancestry, respectively. Genotypes included 71 homozygotes and 3 mixed heterozygotes in trans with a predicted loss-of-function allele. Haplotype analysis showed single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) common across families, suggesting ancestral alleles within the two distinct ethnic populations. Clinical phenotype analysis of 62 available individuals from 49 families indicated a similar clinical presentation with night blindness in the first decade and progressive peripheral field loss thereafter. No evident systemic ciliopathy features were noted. Functional characterization of these variants by luciferase reporter gene assay showed reduced promotor activity. Nanopore sequencing confirmed the lower transcription of the TMEM216 c.-69G>T allele in blood-derived RNA from a heterozygous carrier, and reduced expression was further recapitulated by qPCR, using both leukocytes-derived RNA of c.-69G>T homozygotes and total RNA from genome-edited hTERT-RPE1 cells carrying homozygous TMEM216 c.-69G>A. In conclusion, these variants explain a significant proportion of unsolved cases, specifically in individuals of African ancestry, suggesting that reduced TMEM216 expression might lead to abnormal ciliogenesis and photoreceptor degeneration