Arstide liidu maja lugu

Eesti Arst 2015; 94(11):690–69

About contemporary challenges of informal activities in Western Africa and Brazil (in Portuguese : A respeito de alguns desafios contemporâneos da informalidade económica...)

This study data are based on several sources including official documents that are statistical or economical, as well as specialized literature and fieldwork investigations in collaboration with national university research teams. The present reflection reports on few western African countries and on Brazil characterized by the extent of informal phenomenon and its recent growth. Informal activities have been defined in different ways. The present document stresses on the problem and limits inherent to these definitions. Indeed although the informal phenomenon seems to be quite simple it is in fact complex and multidimensional. The main part of the article is devoted to two questions related to informal process knowledge and also to more concrete economical actions. First the structural importance of informal activities is signalled. Their extreme modernity is proved by nowadays increase due to neoliberal policies led by the governments for the last decades and is analyzed in the document. Second the most interesting challenges that authorities, administrations and specialized agencies have to face concerning informal activities are pointed out. The difficulties are about public policies and action programmes that deal with small business improvement situation as well as their integration in national economical formal channels.Economic Development, Informal economy, Public policies, Micro enterprise, SME, Brazil, Western Africa

Politique de libre accès aux publications

La science ouverte est un des leviers de l\u27IRD pour déployer la science de la durabilité et renforcer le dialogue science-société. Pionnier dès 1986 avec la création de l’archive institutionnelle Horizon Pleins Textes, signataire en 2005 de la Déclaration de Berlin sur le libre accès à la connaissance, l’IRD s’inscrit pleinement dans les politiques nationales (Plan national pour la science ouverte) et internationales (Recommandation de l\u27Unesco sur une science ouverte, Appel de Jussieu*)

Tartu kuvand abiturientide seas

The aim of the current thesis is to find out what the image of Tartu is among school leavers. In order to achieve that several methods have been employed. One of the main methods is Charles E. Osgood`s semantic differential. A questionnaire was used to interpret the results of the semantic differential and semi-structured thorough interviews were conducted for a background analysis. The sample of school leavers consisted of 68 students. 49 of the students who answered were Estonians and 19 were non-Estonians. The answers were obtained using a method similar to the snowball effect. Initially, 8 students from a school in Tartu were interviewed who spread the questionnaire among their acquaintances, they gathered the questionnaires and returned to the author. The reasearch reveals that the image of Tartu is predominantly positive among school leavers.Differences can be seen between Estonians` and non-Estonians` images of Tartu. School leavers view Tartu as the safest, warmest, friendliest, cleanest and most colourful town. School leavers associate Tartu most with the Town Hall Square, theatre Vanemuine, River Emajõgi and Tartu University. More than 50 per cent of the students believe that life in Tartu will improve and they deem it a worthy environment for living. The results were compared with the results of 1999 and it became evident that the non- Estonians` image of Tartu has become more negative. The Estonian school leavers` image has remained positive. My hypothesis was confirmed. I assumed that the image of the town is mostly positive, but negative among non-Estonians. The results show that the general image of Tartu is more negative compared to school leavers who are Estonian. In addition, I presumed that Tartu University is one of the most important characteristic objects of Tartu and the town as a living environment is small and, as a result, young people lack opportunities. I discovered that Tartu Town Hall Square is Tartu`s most characteristic object and Tartu is viewed as a suitable living environment and as capable of development. One of the assumptions was that organisation`s and target groups` images are strongly linked.The idea was confirmed as the opinions of town representatives and students were similar. It could be concluded that the activities of the town government are important in determining the town image.http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2450645~S1*es

Des approches innovantes au service du développement agricole : résultats et enseignements de travaux de recherche pour le développement agricole réalisés par les acteurs de la coopération franco-vietnamienne dans le bassin du Fleuve Rouge

Le présent ouvrage contient les posters présentés lors du colloque "Des approches innovantes pour le développement agricole" organisé à Hanoi du 23 au 27 septembre 2002 par les institutions suivantes : MARD, VASI, CIRAD, GRET, IRD, VSF, AFDI Haute Normandie, APEFE, IRRI, VEDO-FADO