Comparison of different diagnostic methods in detection of canine parvovirus infection

Aim: The study is to compare sensitivity and specificity rates of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunochromatographic assay (IC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests which are widely used to diagnose CPV-2 infections of dogs with severe gastroenteritis symptoms. Materials and Methods: The stool samples were collected from 100 unvaccinated dogs with gastroenteritis symptoms. They were analyzed by ELISA and IC test kits for CPV-2. Also, the samples were investigated by PCR assay using the CPV-2 primer set amplify partial of VP2 gene to determine sensitivity and specificity of the tests. Results: The sensitivity of IC was 36,6% and of ELISA was 24,2% compared to the PCR test. Also, both tests had 100% specificity. The IC test, and ELISA results were determined statistically different according to PCR (p Conclusion: The ELISA and IC assays had low sensitivity. Therefore, the tests can give false negative results in puppies with gastroenteritis symptoms and this situation can increase the spread of the disease. In conclusion, the negative determined samples by IC and ELISA methods should be verified by PCR and detailed studies should be carried out to increase the sensitivity of these tests

SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses in Terms of One Health Concept

Aralık 2019 tarihi, 21. yüzyıl insanının aklına bile getiremediği bir olayın başlangıcı olmuştur. İnsanlarda ciddi akut solunum sendromu tarzında ortaya çıkan ve SARS-CoV-2 olarak adlandırılan yeni bir coronavirusun neden olduğu son pandemi, tüm ülkelerdeki sağlık sistemi ve ekonomi üzerinde büyük bir etkiye sahip olmakla kalmamış, aynı zamanda alışkanlıkların ve yaşam tarzlarının değişmesine de yol açmıştır. Tarım, hayvancılık, madencilik gibi faaliyetlerde kontrolsüz şekilde aşırıya gidilmesi doğayı tahrip etmekle kalmamakta, insanın hayvanlarla temasını da artırmaktadır. Bu durum insan ve hayvanlarda yeni enfeksiyonların ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda tek sağlık yaklaşımının benimsenmesi ve tüm dünyaya yaygınlaştırılmasının bu sorunu çözeceği düşünülmektedir. Yani; insan sağlığının çevrenin, vahşi ve evcil hayvanların sağlığına bağlı olduğunu unutmamak gerekliliği önemli bir unsurdur. Bu derlemede tek sağlık kavramı açısından günümüzdeki pandeminin etkeni olan SARS-CoV-2 ve hayvanlarda gözlenen coronaviruslar arasındaki ilişkiye dikkat çekilmiştir.December 2019 was the beginning ofan event that 21st century people could not even think of. The last pandemiccaused by a new coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, which appeared in the form ofsevere acute respiratory syndrome in humans, not only had a great impact on thehealth system and economy in all countries, but also led to changes in habitsand lifestyles. Uncontrolled and excessive behaviors in activities such asagriculture, animal husbandry and mining not only destroy nature but alsoincrease human contact with animals. This situation leads to the emergence ofnew infections. It is thought that the single health approach and itswidespread use will solve this problem. In other words, it is important toremember that human health depends on the health of the environment, wild anddomestic animals. In this review, attention was drawn to the relationshipbetween SARS-CoV-2, which is the cause of today\u27s pandemic, and thecoronaviruses of animals

Investigation of the effıciency of pomegranate (punica granatum l.) peel extract on herpes simplex virus-1

Aim: This study, it was aimed to determine the antiviral activity of pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.) extract on HSV-1 in vitro. Materials and Methods: Before evaluating the antiviral efficacy, the cytotoxic activity of different concentrations of pomegranate peel extract diluted with distilled water in Vero cell culture was determined. It was determined that this cell culture did not cause cytotoxicity at concentrations lower than 0.87 mg/ mL. Antiviral efficacy was determined by cytopathogenic effect (CPE) after the MTT test and microscopic analysis. Results: It was determined that pomegranate peel extract had significant antiviral activity against HSV-1 at concentrations between 0.87 mg/mL and 0.87x2-5mg/mL. This effect may have been achieved by preventing the virus from entering the cell. Conclusion: It was thought that pomegranate peel extract has antiviral activity against HSV-1 in vitro, and in line with the results obtained, in vivo trials are needed to determine the antiviral activity of Punica granatum L. extract in more detail. In addition, a precise determination of the effectiveness of Punica granatum L. Extract against Herpes viruses and other viruses will contribute to antiviral drug trials in the future

Evaluation of the performance of diagnostic methods of canine parvovirus-2 and canine enteric coronavirus infections under different storage conditions and determination of molecular characterization

Aim: This research was carried out to detect CPV and CCoV infections in dogs in comparison with rapid kit and PCR and to determine the molecular characterization of these infections in Konya region. Besides, it was aimed to determine the sensitivity and specificity rates of the diagnostic tests after fresh or freeze-thawed stool for infection diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Faecal samples were collected from 50 unvaccinated, 0-12 months old dogs with diarrhoea symptoms at the shelter. The samples were analysed for CPV and CCoV by rapid test and PCR test. After freezethawing, the samples were checked again with the same tests. Results: CPV was positively diagnosed by rapid test and PCR in 2 and 29 fresh stool samples, respectively, and CCoV in 14 and 28 samples. CPV positive samples did not change while CCoV was diagnosed as positive in 10 samples and 28 samples by rapid test and PCR, respectively, after the freeze-thaw procedure. Although there were no differences in the diagnosis of CPV, the sensitivity of the rapid test in the diagnosis of CCoV decreased after the freezethaw procedure. In addition, only CPV-2b type was detected in CPV positive samples and both GI and GII subtypes were detected in CCoV positive samples as molecular. In conclusion, it was observed that rapid tests are not sensitive for accurate diagnosis of CPV and CCoV infections. Conclusion: The importance of choosing molecular diagnostic methods and using fresh samples for accurate diagnosis of virological infections can be emphasized

Determination of lipid peroxidation biomarkers in vero cell line inoculated with bovine ephemeral fever virus

Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine of lipid peroxidation biomarkers in Vero cell line inoculated with Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus (BEFV, Genbank No: GQ229452.1). Materials and Methods: Cell supernatants were collected 4 h/day for 5 days after BEFV inoculation. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes, glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) values were analyzed from the test media by commercially available ELISA kits. In addition to this, cytopathogenic effects (CPE) of BEFV in cell culture were evaluated periodically by invert microscope. Results: In this research, CPE of BEFV was observed at 72 h post-inoculation. Maximum level of SOD was determined at 56 h, while minimum levels of CAT and GPX were determined at 8 and 104 hours, respectively. Maximum GSH levels were determined at 30, 60, 84 and 120 hours while minimum GSH concentrations were measured at 44, 92 and 112 hours. A sudden decrease of MDA level was observed in the first 8 hours occurred. In addition, CAT, MDA and SOD levels decreased before developing BEFV-caused CPE. Conclusion: It is concluded that lipid peroxidation biomarkers can be useful in the pathogenesis of BEFV. It may prove helpful in the design of future protect from decreasing of oxidative damage associated with BEFV infection

The Serological and Virological Investigation of Canine Adenovirus Infection on the Dogs

Two types of Canine Adenovirus (CAVs), Canine Adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), the virus which causes infectious canine hepatitis, and Canine Adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), which causes canine infectious laryngotracheitis, have been found in dogs. In this study, blood samples taken from 111 dogs, which were admitted to the Internal Medicine Clinic of Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, with clinical symptoms. Seventy-seven dogs were sampled from Isparta and Burdur dog shelters by random sampling, regardless of the clinical findings. Dogs showed a systemic disease, characterized by fever, diarrhea, vomiting, oculonasal discharge, conjunctivitis, severe moist cough, signs of pulmonary disease and dehydration. Two dogs had corneal opacity and photophobia. In serological studies, 188 serum samples were investigated on the presence of CAV antibodies by ELISA. Total 103 (103/188–54.7%) blood samples were detected to be positive for CAV antibodies by ELISA. However, 85 (85/188–45.2%) blood samples were negative. Blood leukocyte samples from dogs were processed and inoculated onto confluent monolayers of MDCK cells using standard virological techniques. After third passage, cells were examined by direct immunoflourescence test for virus isolation. But positive result was not detected. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrates the high prevalence of CAV infection in dogs

Comparison of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and rapid test for the detection of bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus in anatolian water

Aim: Coronaviruses and Rotaviruses are important virologic factors for both animal and human health in Turkey and the world. Bovine Rotavirus (BRV) and Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) in cattle cause significant economic losses. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of BRV and BCoV in Anatolian buffaloes which were on the same farms with cattle. For this purpose, presence of these two viruses were investigated by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and BRV-BCoV Rapid tests and sensitivity and specificity ratios of these two tests were compared. Materials and Methods: In this study, 230 Anatolian buffaloes were clinically evaluated in cattle farms in Afyonkarahisar region. Fecal samples were collected from 27 buffaloes which had clinical signs (weakness, dehydration, vomiting, watery consistency and yellow stool). The fecal samples were evaluated by Rapid Test and RT-PCR for Bovine Rotavirus and Bovine Coronavirus. The analyzes were performed according to the procedure of the commercial RT-PCR and rapid kits. Results: The RT-PCR results were positive as 22.2% (6/27) for BRV and 3.7% (1/27 27/1) for BcoV while Rota-Corona Rapid test results were negative in all samples. When compared with RT-PCR results for both viruses, the rapid test sensitivity and specificity was determined as 0% and 100%, respectively. In addition, positive rates of BRV was statistically important as BCoV rate in analyzed samples (p Conclusion: In conclusion, low sensitivity of rapid test may be due to the change in the amount of virus scattered throughout the course of enteric infections

IN VITRO ANTIVIRAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SILYMARIN AND PANAX GINSENG ON VERO CELLS INFECTED WITH BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER VIRUS AND BLUE TONGUE VIRUS

The inadequacy of antiviral drugs in the treatment of viral diseases, has led to herbal medicine. It was aimed to determine the antiviral and antioxidant activities of Silymarin and Panax ginseng against Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus (BEFV) and Bluetongue virus (BTV) in cell culture. Silymarin and Panax ginseng were dissolved at the concentration of 400 µg/ml within distillated water. The cell proliferation test was used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the Silymarin and Panax ginseng. They were cytotoxic over 50 μg / ml dose in Vero cells. Hence, antiviral activities of subjects were investigated against BEFV at the 25 and 50 µg/ ml doses. However, they did not show antiviral activity at any dose level against BTV. Effects of Silymarin and Panax ginseng were evaluated on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), oxidative stress marker, levels in Vero cells infected with BEFV and BTV. Silymarin (25 and 50 µg/ ml) affected TAC levels in Vero cells infected with BEFV, but it did no effect the TBARS levels in Vero cells infected with BEFV and BTV. Panax ginseng decreased TBARS levels in both diseases, although it did not change TAC levels at same doses on Vero cells infected with BEFV and BTV. In conclusion, it is referred that Silymarin and Panax ginseng may have antiviral some viruses and they have antioxidant, cell protective and inhibitory effects of virus replication