The Piano Trio in London From 1791 to 1800.

The late piano trios of Joseph Haydn, which were published in London during his two trips there in 1791 and 1794, are neglected and misunderstood works. This study examines Haydn\u27s late trios in the light of other works of the same type which were published for the same audience, in order to gain a clearer perspective of this repertoire. A variety of cultural and economic factors influenced the music considered in this study. In particular, the presence in London of a large class of affluent but relatively unsophisticated musical amateurs provided a lucrative outlet for composers who could satisfy the public\u27s demand for new music. The accompanied sonata, that is, the sonata for keyboard with accompaniment for other instruments, especially violin and cello, was a popular genre with London amateurs. Two varieties of accompanied sonata are found in the music studied: (1) the sonata with optional accompaniments, and (2) the concertante sonata, in which at least one of the accompanying instruments shares with the keyboard part in the presentation of melodic material and is, therefore, not optional. Twenty composers have been identified who published a total of 173 accompanied sonatas for piano, violin, and cello in London between 1791 and 1800. These composers include well known figures such as Haydn, Muzio Clementi, and others, but also many composers about whom relatively little is known. Six composers, including Haydn, Clementi, Johann Baptist Cramer, Adalbert Gyrowetz, Leopold Kozeluch, and Ignaz Pleyel, published large numbers of trios in London. The bulk of the composers, however, published very few works. In general, the trios conform closely to the standardized model of the classical style. Although the classical style has been described by many scholars, some aspects, such as phrase structure, are in need of further clarification and expansion. Of special interest is the frequent appearance in music of the classic era, and especially in the music examined in this study, of quaternary phrase patterns. An examination of the sonata cycles as a whole reveals a remarkably similar approach on the part of all of the composers with regard to such factors as the number of movements in the cycles and the tempo, meter, tonality, mode, and form of these movements. The principal departures from the normal patterns in each of these areas, with the exception of the number of movements in the cycle, are found in the works of Haydn. The similarity of approach noted with regard to the sonata cycles as a whole is also observed in an examination of the individual movements. The works of the minor composers in particular are highly conventional and resemble the stereotyped formal patterns of the classic era. Several departures from conventional formal models are found in the works of Haydn, however. One important example is Haydn\u27s frequent synthesis of variation techniques and ternary or rondo forms. The movements of Haydn\u27s trios that have traditional formal structures also display unusual characteristics. Examples of these include Haydn\u27s use of unusual tonalities and complex, often enharmonic, modulations. The piano trios of Haydn seem to have had little influence on similar works published in London at the same time. Haydn\u27s attempt to elevate the status of the accompanied sonata, through the use of imaginative compositional techniques, is not matched by other composers writing for the same audience

Am I Wasting My Time On You?

Contains advertisements and/or short musical examples of pieces being sold by publisher.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/7046/thumbnail.jp

Ev\u27ry Night I Cry Myself : To Sleep Over You

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/4775/thumbnail.jp

Phenomenological Study Of Postgraduate Researchers\u27 Experiences Of Nanoscience And Nanotechnology Research

Over the past few decades, scientific disciplines have changed significantly with the introduction of new and complex aspects of interdisciplinary research, particularly in the area of nanoscience and nanotechnology (N&N). The current attempts to develop science education programmes in N&N area to adopt these complex changes however are mainly focussed towards the core scientific knowledge, and, not much attention has been paid to identify the attributes knowledge, skills and competences necessary to successfully undertake N&N research. Identification of these attributes is important so that the core scientific knowledge can be embedded in the curricula more effectively. Also, to work successfully in this complex research area, whether one should have studied under specialised undergraduate or postgraduate N&N programme or basic science discipline/s is not yet clear. This qualitative study will examine the postgraduate researchers’ experiences of researching in N&N area in order to get a better insight and understanding of what nanoscience and nanotechnology research is. This is in turn will inform curriculum development at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and it will also address the issues of whether we should have specialised undergraduate N&N programmes or this research area requires different distinct science and engineering disciplines coming togethe

Identifying Knowledge, Skill and Competence for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research: A Study of Postgraduate Researchers’ Experiences

Over the past few decades, scientific disciplines have changed significantly with the introduction of new and complex aspects of research, particularly in the area of nanoscience and nanotechnology (N&N). Efforts to develop science education programmes in N&N area to adopt these complex changes are also evident from recent literature and educational reports. However, these attempts are focused towards identification and inclusion of contextual scientific knowledge in the curricula and very little is understood about the attributes knowledge, skill and competence necessary to successfully undertake N&N research. Identification of these attributes is important so that the contextual scientific knowledge can be embedded in the curricula more effectively. Also, it is uncertain whether this growing research area requires researchers that have studied specialised undergraduate or postgraduate N&N programmes or traditional science and engineering disciplines. In other words, is N&N research multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary or will it develop into a unique discipline is not clear. To address this question, this qualitative study will examine the postgraduate researchers’ experiences of researching in N&N area. Studying how the researchers understand, interpret and describe their experiences, we can achieve a new; or; at the very least a wider understanding of what N&N research is; and how the postgraduate researchers use their education and training to research in this area. This in turn will inform the curriculum development at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels and address the issues of whether we should have specialised undergraduate N&N programmes or simply different distinct science and engineering disciplines coming together

A meta-analytic review of stand-alone interventions to improve body image

Objective Numerous stand-alone interventions to improve body image have been developed. The present review used meta-analysis to estimate the effectiveness of such interventions, and to identify the specific change techniques that lead to improvement in body image. Methods The inclusion criteria were that (a) the intervention was stand-alone (i.e., solely focused on improving body image), (b) a control group was used, (c) participants were randomly assigned to conditions, and (d) at least one pretest and one posttest measure of body image was taken. Effect sizes were meta-analysed and moderator analyses were conducted. A taxonomy of 48 change techniques used in interventions targeted at body image was developed; all interventions were coded using this taxonomy. Results The literature search identified 62 tests of interventions (N = 3,846). Interventions produced a small-to-medium improvement in body image (d+ = 0.38), a small-to-medium reduction in beauty ideal internalisation (d+ = -0.37), and a large reduction in social comparison tendencies (d+ = -0.72). However, the effect size for body image was inflated by bias both within and across studies, and was reliable but of small magnitude once corrections for bias were applied. Effect sizes for the other outcomes were no longer reliable once corrections for bias were applied. Several features of the sample, intervention, and methodology moderated intervention effects. Twelve change techniques were associated with improvements in body image, and three techniques were contra-indicated. Conclusions The findings show that interventions engender only small improvements in body image, and underline the need for large-scale, high-quality trials in this area. The review identifies effective techniques that could be deployed in future interventions

Modulation of constant light effects on the eye by ciliary ganglionectomy and optic nerve section

AbstractOur previous studies have shown that an environment of constant light (CL) can lead to development of high degree of hyperopia in newborn chicks by inducing severe corneal flattening, and compensatory growth of the vitreous chamber. We wish to know whether the abnormal eye growth and progressive hyperopia under CL conditions is accomplished by a mechanism that uses the visual processing pathways of the central nervous system (CNS) or by a mechanism located in the eye. Thirty white leghorn chicks (Cornell K-strain) were raised under 12 h light/12 h dark (12L/12D) for either optic nerve section (ONS) or ciliary ganglion section (CGS). Another 30 chicks were raised under CL for ONS or CGS. Refractive states and corneal curvatures were measured by infrared (IR) photoretinoscopy and IR keratometry, respectively. The axial lengths of the ocular components were measured by A-scan ultrasonography. Both ONS and CGS surgery produced dilated pupils and accommodative paralysis. Four weeks after surgery, CGS eyes exhibited a hyperopic defocus, flatter cornea, and shorter vitreous chamber depth under both CL and normal conditions, whereas ONS eyes showed a smaller radius of corneal curvature and shallow vitreous chamber only in the normal light cycle group. CGS eyes of CL chicks showed significantly deeper vitreous chambers than did fellow control eyes. Our results indicate that optic nerve section does not seem to influence CL effects. Thus, local mechanisms may play a major role in the ocular development of chicks. The ciliary nerve is necessary for the normal corneal and anterior chamber growth, and prevents CL effects. The progressively increasing vitreous chamber depth under CL may be influenced by both local and central mechanisms

Writing in Britain and Ireland, c. 400 to c. 800

No abstract available